{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:36:25Z","timestamp":1793018185143,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection exhibits a range of clinical consequences, spanning from asymptomatic carriage to severe symptomatic disease. Despite comprehensive research on symptomatic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection, limited attention has been given to asymptomatic cases, notably in interpreting the immune activation and regulatory pathways that allow parasite sustainability without observable disease. This study aimed to evaluate the participation of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3)], anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines (interleukin\u201010 [IL\u201010], interleukin\u20104 [IL\u20104]) and mucosal antibodies (secretory IgA [SIgA]) in distinguishing sexes, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections and elucidating their role in amoebiasis. Only serum SIgA exhibited significant sex\u2010based differences among all immune parameters, suggesting the impact of sex hormones on the systemic immune regulation rather than the localized immunity. Serum cytokine levels were assessed and statistically evaluated across symptomatic, asymptomatic and control groups. TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 levels were significantly increased in the symptomatic group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), reflecting a robust inflammation associated with tissue destruction and clinical symptoms. Conversely, IL\u201010 was significantly greater in the asymptomatic group, indicating a protective role in dampening intense inflammation and sustaining parasite persistence without obvious clinical symptoms. IL\u20104 levels did not differ significantly among groups, suggesting limited involvement of this cytokine in the immunopathology of amoebiasis. Similarly, SIgA concentrations in saliva, urine and serum specimens were consistently heightened in the symptomatic group, indicating mucosal immune promotion. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that cytokine ratios (TNF\u2010\u03b1\/IL\u201010, IFN\u2010\u03b3\/IL\u201010) with serum, urinary and salivary SIgA levels showed high discrimination between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, thereby demonstrating strong prognostic accuracy. These findings emphasize the crucial role of cytokine balance and mucosal antibody reactions in determining the clinical trajectory of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection, highlighting the clinical utility of quantifying these biomarkers for the diagnosis and differentiation of amoebiasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:55:27Z","timestamp":1791273327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding the Clinical Spectrum of Amoebiasis Immune Mechanisms: Cytokine Balance and Multi\u2010Matrix\n                    <scp>SIgA<\/scp>\n                    (Saliva, Urine and Serum) as Prognostic Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3675-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payam I.","family":"Jibrael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Techniques Department Northern Technical University Kirkuk  Kirkuk Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiro M.","family":"Obaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Techniques Department Northern Technical University Kirkuk  Kirkuk Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182025100279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.09.015"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"472","article-title":"Entamoeba Histolytica, Identification in Asymptomatic Infection","volume":"15","author":"Abd F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan Iournal of Medical and Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14321\/waterpathogens.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.WeselandC.Ingram\u2010Smith \u201cGlycogen Metabolism and Its Role in Growth and Encystation in Entamoeba Histolytica \u201d13(2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13071529.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58060820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MOLBIOPARA.2021.111363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37022\/wjcmpr.v6i1.316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030489"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00540-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57239\/pjlss\u20102024\u201022.1.00183"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Correlation Study Between Biological Markers in Patients With \n                     Entamoeba histolytica\n                   Parasite","volume":"19","author":"Al\u2010Hadraawy S. K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemical and Cellular Archives"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Faecal Calprotectin","volume":"39","author":"Ganga Pathirana W. W.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemist Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/TurkPediatriArs.2018.00483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12111079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00175"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of TLR4 and Cytokine Profiles in Patients Infected With \n                     Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Journal of Biology and Natural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385\u2010021\u201000442\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385\u2010018\u20100101\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4601420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779\u2010017\u20100122\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology","author":"Parija S. C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1748097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12\u20100570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"Essentials of Medical Parasitology","author":"Sastry A. S.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56286\/7h2x3388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqaf006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01931"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00038.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601988200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.5.459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312775"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"1785","article-title":"Impact of Intestinal \n                     Entamoeba histolytica\n                   on Sera of Interleukin\u20105, Histamine, Secretory\u2010IgA and Amylase","volume":"11","author":"Ismail Abid Mohammed K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/helm\u20102024\u20100034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37897\/RJID.2025.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/ghfbb.v15i4.2496"}],"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.70106","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pim.70106","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.70106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:16:14Z","timestamp":1793016974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pim.70106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pim.70106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.70106","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9838","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70106"}}