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Plants have different strategies to respond to this \u2018atmospheric drought\u2019. Deposited aerosols on leaf surfaces can interact with plant water relations and may influence <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content> response. We studied transpiration and water use efficiency of pine, beech and sunflower by measuring sap flow, gas exchange and carbon isotopes, thereby addressing different time scales of plant\/atmosphere interaction. Plants were grown (i) outdoors under rainfall exclusion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OD<\/jats:styled-content>) and in ventilated greenhouses with (ii) ambient air (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>) or (iii) filtered air (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content>), the latter containing &lt;1% ambient aerosol concentrations. In addition, some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> plants were sprayed once with 25\u00a0mM salt solution of (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NH<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> or Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Carbon isotope values (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C) became more negative in the presence of more particles; more negative for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content> sunflower and more negative for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OD<\/jats:styled-content> Scots pine compared to other growth environments. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content> beech had less negative \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> OD<\/jats:styled-content> and Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010treated beech. Anisohydric beech showed linearly increasing sap flow with increasing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content>. The slopes doubled for (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NH<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010 and tripled for Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010sprayed beech compared to control seedlings, indicating decreased ability to resist atmospheric demand. In contrast, isohydric pine showed constant transpiration rates with increasing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content>, independent of growth environment and spray, likely caused by decreasing <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> with increasing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content>. Generally, Na<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> spray had stronger effects on water relations than (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NH<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> spray. The results strongly support the role of leaf surface particles as an environmental factor affecting plant water use. Hygroscopic and chaotropic properties of leaf surface particles determine their ability to form wicks across stomata. Such wicks enhance unproductive water loss of anisohydric plant species and decrease <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake of isohydric plants. They become more relevant with increasing number of fine particles and increasing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPD<\/jats:styled-content> and are thus related to air pollution and climate change. Wicks cause a deviation from the analogy between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and water pathways through stomata, bringing some principal assumptions of gas exchange theory into question.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T03:06:57Z","timestamp":1443496017000},"page":"91-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["How does the <scp>VPD<\/scp> response of isohydric and anisohydric plants depend on leaf surface particles?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Burkhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Nutrition Group Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pariyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Nutrition Group Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0519-6_48"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4290(83)90054-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.88.4.1418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1988.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00226236"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)90469-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04307.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/46.7.823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095451"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp105191z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(93)90063-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/52.357.771"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2008.01135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9780787"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9840539"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0329.1977.tb00605.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2013.843794"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Zur Lehre von der Wirkung der Salze. 2. 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