{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T13:09:55Z","timestamp":1776776995999,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG DO 1051\/4\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG DO 1051\/4\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics are widely used to control invertebrate pests in livestock, such as sheep. While anthelmintic effects on non\u2010target animals, such as dung\u2010dwelling insects, are well studied, effects on seed germination are largely unknown. Seeds can come into contact with anthelmintics either during passage through the gastro\u2010intestinal tract of grazing animals or when anthelmintics are excreted with their dung into the environment, which may result in changed germination patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We used four commonly applied macrocyclic lactones to assess their effects on germination: moxidectin, ivermectin, abamectin and doramectin as pure substances; moxidectin and ivermectin also in formulated form. We tested these pharmaceuticals on 17 different temperate grassland species from five plant families. Seeds were exposed to three concentrations of macrocyclic lactones (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0\u2009mg\u00b7l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) under controlled conditions, and germination was assessed over a 6\u2010week period. From these data, we calculated germination percentage, mean germination time and germination synchrony.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Most of the tested species were significantly affected in germination percentage and\/or mean germination time by at least one of the tested pharmaceuticals, with formulated moxidectin having the largest impact. In general, the effects found were species\u2010 and pharmaceutical\u2010specific. While formulated substances generally reduced germination percentage and increased mean germination time, pure substances increased germination percentage. Synchrony showed less clear patterns in all pharmaceuticals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Although effect size and sign varied between species, our study shows that non\u2010target effects of macrocyclic lactones commonly occur in terrestrial plants. This may impede successful seed exchange between habitats <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> sheep, and even translate into profound changes to grazed ecosystems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T20:28:30Z","timestamp":1694636910000},"page":"1046-1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics on seed germination of temperate grassland species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5466-6615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Laber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Ecology Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Eichberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geobotany, Spatial and Environmental Sciences Trier University  Trier Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1092-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Zimmerbeutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Ecology Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4329-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.\u2010A.","family":"D\u00fcring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation Justus Liebig University  Gie\u00dfen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. 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