{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:44:41Z","timestamp":1777675481641,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRG\/2019\/000131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2019\/000131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>Nepenthes<\/jats:italic>\n                          pitchers are leaf\u2010evolved biological traps containing high levels of CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          within them. Extrafloral nectar (EFN) secreted by these pitchers has long been regarded as the major reward to visiting arthropods, but its chemical constituents and their role in prey capture are least explored.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          In this study\n                          <jats:italic>Nepenthes<\/jats:italic>\n                          EFNs were isolated, and their sugars, amino acids, proteins, vitamin C and fatty acids were analysed using HPTLC\u2010densitometry, UFLC, and biochemical assays. C:N ratio, minerals and volatiles of EFNs were determined by CHNS, ICP\u2010OES and headspace\u2010GC\u2013MS, respectively; metabolic profiling was carried out using LC\u2013MS. Peristome\/lid EFNs and their active constituent were subjected to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assays; the AChE inhibitor was characterized by bioactivity guided isolation and spectroscopy.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Here we demonstrate\n                          <jats:italic>Nepenthes<\/jats:italic>\n                          EFN as a sugar (glucose\u2013fructose\u2013sucrose) mix with high C:N ratio, minimal amino acids, proteins, and vitamin C.\n                          <jats:italic>N. khasiana<\/jats:italic>\n                          peristome and lid EFNs displayed strong AChE inhibition; the naphthoquinone derivative, (+)\u2010isoshinanolone, was identified as the AChE inhibitor. Plumbagin, the major volatile naphthoquinone in\n                          <jats:italic>Nepenthes<\/jats:italic>\n                          , also showed strong AChE inhibition. Direct EFN\u2010 and (+)\u2010isoshinanolone\u2010feeding bioassays showed symptoms of cholinergic toxicity in ants.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>Nepenthes<\/jats:italic>\n                          EFN is a toxic bait which hinders neuronal activity in visiting arthropods. Their pitchers adopt various deceptive strategies for prey capture, and our study abolishes the notion that\n                          <jats:italic>Nepenthes<\/jats:italic>\n                          EFN is a reward to visiting ants and other arthropods. Moreover, our findings suggest that elevated CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          levels within the pitchers play a crucial role in regulating the growth, metabolism, herbivory, and carnivory in\n                          <jats:italic>Nepenthes<\/jats:italic>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.70033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:41:28Z","timestamp":1748436088000},"page":"1022-1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bait, not reward:\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \u2010enriched\n                    <i>Nepenthes<\/i>\n                    pitchers secrete toxic nectar"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"C. C.","family":"Lathika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute  Pacha\u2010Palode, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"},{"name":"Department of Botany Christian College  Kattakada, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"},{"name":"University of Kerala, Kariavattom  Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. B.","family":"Sujatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute  Pacha\u2010Palode, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"},{"name":"University of Kerala, Kariavattom  Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute  Pacha\u2010Palode, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute  Pacha\u2010Palode, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute  Pacha\u2010Palode, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. 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