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Although still controversial, a radical change in body size following colonization of islands (\u201cisland rule\u201d) has been observed in many animals, but also in plants. Here, we test this rule in a group of\n                          <jats:italic>Euphorbia<\/jats:italic>\n                          species endemic to four Mediterranean islands and compare them to their mainland ancestors. We challenge the previously proposed hypothesis of a vicariant origin of these endemics from a widespread common ancestor and suggest more recent origins via LDDs from adjacent mainland areas.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We applied amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP] fingerprinting and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ITS and plastid\n                          <jats:italic>trnT<\/jats:italic>\n                          \u2013\n                          <jats:italic>trnF<\/jats:italic>\n                          sequences to infer the origin and spatiotemporal diversification of four single\u2010island endemic\n                          <jats:italic>Euphorbia<\/jats:italic>\n                          species from the Mediterranean Basin, namely\n                          <jats:italic>E. corsica, E. fontqueriana, E. rechingeri<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>E. veneris<\/jats:italic>\n                          . Further, we applied multivariate morphometrics to explore the island rule.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Phylogenetic analyses suggest a recent (Late Pliocene\u2013Early Pleistocene) origin of the four island endemics via LDD, and an east\u2013west phylogeographic divergence within the Mediterranean Basin. While Corsica and Mallorca were probably colonized from the Iberian Peninsula, the species from Crete and Cyprus originated from Asia Minor. The colonization of the islands was associated with a reduction in plant and leaf size; distribution ranges remained extremely narrow.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          This study highlights the importance of recent LDDs for the colonization of Mediterranean islands and their contribution to high insular endemism. Colonization of the islands was followed by a drastic reduction in plant and leaf size, consistent with the island rule. However, it remains unclear whether the tendency to dwarfism is related to island colonization\n                          <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                          , or simply a consequence of genetic drift and adaptation to extreme rocky habitats.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.70127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:31:34Z","timestamp":1761280294000},"page":"178-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multiple long\u2010distance dispersals accompanied by reduction of body size shaped the evolutionary history of four spurges (\n                    <i>Euphorbia<\/i>\n                    ) endemic to Mediterranean islands"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Frajman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7423-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Riina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico (RJB), CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. S.","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico (RJB), CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9225-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Sch\u00f6nswetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-33"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"Contributo alla conoscenza della flora vascolare endemica della Sardegna","volume":"37","author":"Bacchetta G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Informatore Botanico Italiano"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"697","article-title":"Seed dispersal in W Mediterranean Euphorbia species","volume":"10","author":"Baiges J.C.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Botanika Chronika (Patras)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Flora Iberica","author":"Bened\u00ed C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010021\u201001426\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13781"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907424116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"The Mediterranean Basin \u2013 biological diversity in space and time","author":"Blondel J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102699.2008.02077.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u2010294X.2000.01020.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"The geology of Cyprus. 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