{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1779012416834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["121Z818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121Z818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Application of iron oxide nanoparticles (NP) (Fe\n                          <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                          O\n                          <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                          \u2010NPs) in plant biotechnology presents new opportunities for enhancing metabolic activity of medicinal plants; however, their specific effects on\n                          <jats:italic>Melissa officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                          subsp.\n                          <jats:italic>officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                          remain poorly understood. This study examined effects of Fe\n                          <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                          O\n                          <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                          \u2010NPs at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100\u2009mg\u2009L\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          on morphological traits, phenolic compound accumulation, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and expression of PAL, TAT and RAS genes under\n                          <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                          conditions.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Seeds were germinated on Murashige &amp; Skoog medium and cultured for 30\u2009days. Morphological characteristics were measured, total phenolics and flavonoid content were quantified spectrophotometrically, and phenolic profiles determined via HPLC. Antioxidant activity (CUPRAC, DPPH, ABTS), enzyme inhibition (AChE, MAO\u2010A, urease), and gene expression (qRT\u2010PCR) were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Treatment at 25\u2009mg\u2009L\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          yielded the highest content of total phenolics (41.68\u2009mg GAEg\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          plant) and rosmarinic acid (22.10\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mg\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          DW), together with improved antioxidant, MAO\u2010A (2.95\u2009mg plant mL\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          ) and urease (6.71\u2009mg plant mL\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          ) inhibition activity. Higher concentrations (75\u2013100\u2009mg\u2009L\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          ) increased AChE inhibition but reduced antioxidant capacity. PAL, TAT, and RAS expression was upregulated in all treated groups: PAL peaked at 25\u2009mg\u2009L\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          , RAS at 100\u2009mg\u2009L\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          , and TAT at 75\u2009mg\u2009L\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          . There was no direct correlation between gene expression and phenolic levels, suggesting involvement of post\u2010transcriptional or alternative regulatory mechanisms.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          These results demonstrate that Fe\n                          <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                          O\n                          <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                          \u2010NPs act as dose\u2010dependent modulators of secondary metabolism and bioactivity in\n                          <jats:italic>M. officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                          , offering promising tools for nanoparticle\u2010based elicitation strategies in medicinal plant biotechnology.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.70158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:37:39Z","timestamp":1765586259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Response of\n                    <i>Melissa officinalis<\/i>\n                    subsp.\n                    <i>officinalis<\/i>\n                    seedlings to Fe\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>NPs<\/scp>\n                    under\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    conditions: physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9030-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Bekta\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Animal Production, Espiye Vocational School Giresun University  Giresun T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Giresun University  Giresun Turkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. \u0130.","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science Karadeniz Technical University  Trabzon T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. \u0130.","family":"Bekta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science Karadeniz Technical University  Trabzon T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kaltalio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Property Protection and Security, Espiye Vocational School Giresun University  Giresun T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. 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