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However, it is unclear whether the kind of seed dormancy is maintained after divergence. This study aimed to determine the type of seed dormancy of three\n                          <jats:italic>Corydalis<\/jats:italic>\n                          species native to Korea and examine whether the dormancy trait has been conserved after long\u2010term separation.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We examined embryo growth and germination characteristics of\n                          <jats:italic>C. remota<\/jats:italic>\n                          ,\n                          <jats:italic>C. incisa<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>C. speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                          through phenology experiments, controlled temperature experiments, stratification treatments and GA\n                          <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                          application.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          All three species had underdeveloped embryos at dispersal and exhibited morphophysiological dormancy (MPD).\n                          <jats:italic>C. remota<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>C. incisa<\/jats:italic>\n                          required exposure to warm followed by cold temperatures for embryo growth and germination, and gibberellic acid (GA\n                          <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                          ) treatment failed to promote germination, indicating that both species have deep simple regular MPD. By contrast,\n                          <jats:italic>C. speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                          embryos grew and germinated under cold conditions, and while germination was further enhanced by prior warm exposure, GA\n                          <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                          did not overcome dormancy, suggesting that\n                          <jats:italic>C. speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                          has non\u2010deep complex regular MPD. In all three species, embryo growth occurred in late autumn to winter with germination and seedling emergence in late winter to early spring.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Whereas all three species had the same class of dormancy (MPD), differences in temperature responses were found among them. This pattern, consistent with findings from congeneric members on other continents, indicates that MPD is conserved within the genus, whereas specific dormancy levels have diversified in response to regional environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T19:59:20Z","timestamp":1781380760000},"page":"1573-1586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seed dormancy and germination of three\n                    <i>Corydalis<\/i>\n                    species, disjunct relict species in East Asia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"C. W.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Breeding Graduate School of Gyeongkuk National University  Andong Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8518-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. L.","family":"Walck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Middle Tennessee State University  Murfreesboro Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. N.","family":"Hidayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Middle Tennessee State University  Murfreesboro Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Biological Resources Utilization Center  Yangpyeong Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. H.","family":"Rhie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Breeding Graduate School of Gyeongkuk National University  Andong Korea"},{"name":"Major of Smart Horticultural Science Gyeongkuk National University  Andong Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/SSR2005207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Seeds: Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination","author":"Baskin C.C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/npj.4.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Seeds: Ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination","author":"Baskin C.C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15258\/sst.2022.50.1.s.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960258508042177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2996882"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S096025852100026X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.9.7.1055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13499"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S096025851100016X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2010.01739.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcw163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511614101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-023-03617-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.38.3.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.113685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960258513000056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3558452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11020160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpaa023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11110\/kjpt.2017.47.4.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11110\/kjpt.2008.38.4.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11110\/kjpt.2007.37.3.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b05-027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.89.11.1779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7235\/HORT.20250038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2996323"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-1984.2012.00380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2011.00517.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"NikolaevaM.G.(1969)Physiology of deep dormancy in seeds. 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