{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:02:20Z","timestamp":1789714940350,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009379","name":"Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Rapid, non\u2010destructive phenotyping is vital for early nutrient deficiency detection in plant research and agriculture. Nitrogen (N) and magnesium (Mg) deficiency are hard to distinguish with instruments measuring only chlorophyll content since both deficiencies lead to loss of chlorophyll.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This study evaluated the suitability of a commercially available dual\u2010excitation fluorescence sensor (measuring chlorophyll (Chl) and epidermal UV absorbing compounds) for identifying nutrient deficiencies in maize seedlings.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Both N and Mg deficiencies in maize seedlings caused a decrease in the Chl index and an increase in the flavonol (Flav) index, although the response of the Flav index was much weaker under Mg deficiency. This happened in spite of a much larger increase in sugar concentrations under Mg deficiency. Furthermore, the nitrogen balance index (NBI) detected N deficiency earlier in leaves developing under nutrient deficiency than in those present before treatment application. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed distinct patterns of Flav index increase: N deficiency caused a marked increase in upper (younger) leaves, whereas Mg deficiency initiated Flav index increases at the tips of lower (older) leaves. Utilizing green\u2010 and red\u2010light excitation of chlorophyll to infer epidermal anthocyanins turned out to be not straightforward in nutrient\u2010deficient maize leaves.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Taken together, these findings reveal advantages and limitations of Chl fluorescence in diagnosing nutrient stress and underscore the importance of understanding spatial\u2010temporal nutrient dynamics for accurate early detection. Leaf age should be considered for fertilization decisions based on the NBI. A strategy is suggested how anthocyanins can be detected without problems.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.70273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:40:42Z","timestamp":1785508842000},"page":"1834-1846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early\u2010stage diagnosis of nutrient deficiency by chlorophyll fluorescence in maize"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7460-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Jezek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Kiel University  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9922-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.\u2010H.","family":"M\u00fchling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Kiel University  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4233-241X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences  Urumqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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