{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:02:25Z","timestamp":1789714945384,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009201","name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009201","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a water\u2010conserving pathway of photosynthesis that typically occurs in leaf\u2010 or stem\u2010succulent plants of warm, water\u2010limited habitats. Key features of CAM photosynthesis are nocturnal CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n uptake and nocturnal increases in tissue acidity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n CAM photosynthesis was recently reported in water\u2010deficit stressed carnivorous plants of the genus\n Pinguicula<\/jats:italic>\n (Lentibulariaceae). The report is remarkable because CAM has neither been documented in the Lentibulariaceae nor in a carnivorous species before. Furthermore,\n Pinguicula<\/jats:italic>\n plants are vastly different in appearance from archetypal CAM plants like cacti and agaves. Evidence of CAM activity in\n Pinguicula<\/jats:italic>\n was solely based on small nocturnal increases in leaf titratable acidity. Day\u2013night CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n gas exchange was measured, but results were inconclusive.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n To independently verify the presence of CAM in\n Pinguicula<\/jats:italic>\n , net\u2010CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n exchange during 12\u2009h light\/12\u2009h dark cycles was measured in plants exposed to different degrees of water\u2010deficit stress using a custom\u2010designed stationary gas\u2010exchange system which enables long\u2010term CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n monitoring and the detection of small CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n fluxes. Measurements included eight plants of\n Pinguicula<\/jats:italic>\n \u2018Weser\u2019 and encompassed 36\u2009day\u2013night cycles of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n exchange.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Net CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n uptake occurred largely in the light\n via<\/jats:italic>\n C\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n photosynthesis. However, distinct transient reductions in the rate of nocturnal CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n release were regularly observed during dark periods, as were transient reductions of net CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n uptake during light periods. In the middle of 14 of 36 dark periods, transient reductions in CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n release eventually turned into small rates of net dark CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n fixation. These results provide unequivocal evidence of CAM activity and confirm previous suggestions of low\u2010level CAM in\n Pinguicula<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.70274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:38:22Z","timestamp":1785789502000},"page":"1813-1819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diel net\n \n CO\n 2<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n exchange of carnivorous\n Pinguicula<\/i>\n is consistent with low\u2010level\n CAM<\/scp>\n photosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Winter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of 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