{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T07:01:05Z","timestamp":1764313265305,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective. Reports of catastrophic neurologic injuries following lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections are rare but serious potential complications. The traditional method of performing lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections is in the \u201csafe triangle\u201d to avoid contact to the spinal nerve. Some authors advocate an alternative approach by placing the needle inferiorly in a region referred to as \u201cKambin's triangle\u201d to avoid incurring arteries. This study aimed to determine the location of arteries within the L1\u2013L4 intervertebral foramen in vivo, specifically if they lie within or in close proximity to the \u201csafe triangle\u201d or Kambin's triangle using CT angiograms of the abdomen and pelvis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Study design. The authors retrospectively evaluated the location in vivo of arterial vessels in the intervertebral foramen from L1 to L4 in patients who underwent abdominopelvic CT angiograms for aortic vascular disease. The data were reanalyzed to confirm inter-rater reliability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Arteries were found in both the safe triangle and Kambin's triangle at a statistically significant rate (P &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. In this group of patients, an artery was found in either the safe triangle or in Kambin's triangle frequently, suggesting the location of these arteries can be quite variable. Physicians performing these procedures should use universal precautions to avoid inadvertent injection into the lumbar spinal arteries and minimize potential complications regardless of the approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T14:20:27Z","timestamp":1441203627000},"page":"46-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Location of Radicular Spinal Arteries in the Lumbar Spine from Analysis of CT Angiograms of the Abdomen and Pelvis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jeremy I.","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"**Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Riddle Hospital, Media, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"McAuliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020 Resident Physician, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Smoger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021 Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Riddle Hospital, Media, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112801565110000_pme12891-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12122","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of single lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections","volume":"14","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2025112801565110000_pme12891-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-130366","article-title":"Lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections are equally effective for treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain in the obese compared to non-obese population: A pilot study","volume":"26","author":"McCormick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"2025112801565110000_pme12891-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.014611","article-title":"Transforaminal epidural steroid injections prevent the need for surgery in patients with sciatica secondary to lumbar disc herniation: A retrospective case series","volume":"56","author":"Manson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"2025112801565110000_pme12891-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.56B2.225","article-title":"The blood supply of the spinal cord. 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