{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:39:52Z","timestamp":1792809592064,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,21]],"date-time":"2013-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest associations between environmental contaminants and some anomalies, although evidence is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>enter of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>irth <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>efects <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>revention <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hildren's <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ir <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>ollution <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy to estimate the odds of 27 congenital heart defects with respect to quartiles of seven ambient air pollutant and traffic exposures in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia during the first 2 months of pregnancy, 1997\u20132006 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009822 cases and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009849 controls).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Particulate matter &lt;\u200910 microns (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) was associated with pulmonary valve stenosis [adjusted odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>)<jats:sub>Fourth Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092.6] [95% confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.2, 5.7] and perimembranous ventricular septal defects (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Third Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092.1) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.1, 3.9] after adjusting for maternal race\/ethnicity, education and multivitamin use. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was associated with transposition of the great arteries (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Third Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092.6) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.1, 6.5] and inversely associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defects (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Fourth Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.5) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.2, 0.9]. Secundum atrial septal defects were inversely associated with carbon monoxide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Fourth Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.4) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.2, 0.8] and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Fourth Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.5) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.3, 0.8]. Traffic density was associated with muscular ventricular septal defects (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Fourth Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20093.0) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.2, 7.8] and perimembranous ventricular septal defects (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Third Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092.4) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.3, 4.6], and inversely associated with transposition of the great arteries (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>Fourth Quartile<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.3) [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.1, 0.8].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and traffic density may contribute to the occurrence of pulmonary valve stenosis and ventricular septal defects, respectively. The results were mixed for other pollutants and had little consistency with previous studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]],"date-time":"2013-04-22T02:38:19Z","timestamp":1366598299000},"page":"329-339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Ambient Air Pollution and Traffic Exposures and Congenital Heart Defects in the <scp>S<\/scp>an <scp>J<\/scp>oaquin Valley of <scp>C<\/scp>alifornia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Padula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University  Stanford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira B.","family":"Tager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California  Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University  Stanford"},{"name":"University of California  Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Katharine","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California  Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University  Stanford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Lurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology Inc.  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