{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:41:49Z","timestamp":1791135709864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bob and Nancy Edwards Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The teratogenic effects of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy include anomalies of craniofacial structures derived from the cranial neural crest cells. The presence of specific craniofacial anomalies contributes to the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Cleft lip and palate [orofacial clefts (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OFCs<\/jats:styled-content>)], also derived from the cranial neural crest cells, are common congenital anomalies, but their relationship with prenatal alcohol consumption is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the association between maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy and the occurrence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OFCs<\/jats:styled-content> in infants, we conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analyses of published studies. We examined the associations between any alcohol consumption, binge level drinking, and heavy and moderate levels of consumption vs. no or low levels of consumption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After screening 737 publications, we identified 33 studies (23 case\u2013control and 10 cohort studies). There was considerable heterogeneity in individual study design, quality measures and study results. Findings from random effects meta\u2010analyses suggest no relationship between prenatal alcohol consumption and the occurrence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OFCs<\/jats:styled-content> {pooled odds ratios for any alcohol intake and binge level drinking respectively: cleft lip with or without cleft palate 1.00 [95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 0.86, 1.16] from 18\u2009349 participants in 13 studies, 1.04 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.87, 1.24] [8763 individuals, 4 studies]; cleft palate only 1.05 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.92, 1.21] [21\u2009459 individuals, 17 studies], 0.94 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.74, 1.21] [7730 participants, 4 studies]}.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While we found no association between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OFCs<\/jats:styled-content> in infants, the influence of study design, particularly in relation to alcohol exposure measurement and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OFC<\/jats:styled-content> ascertainment cannot be ignored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T01:13:21Z","timestamp":1399425201000},"page":"322-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Maternal Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and the Risk of Orofacial Clefts in Infants: a Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Sydney  New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Raynes\u2010Greenow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Sydney  Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Screening and Test Evaluation Program School of Public Health University of Sydney  New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies King Edward Memorial Hospital  Subiaco Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Telethon Institute for Child Health Research University of Western Australia  Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Perinatal Health Research Kolling Institute for Medical Research University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen M.","family":"O'Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Institute for Child Health Research University of Western Australia  Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Mechanisms of alcohol\u2010induced damage to the developing nervous system","volume":"25","author":"Goodlett CR","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60695-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"CalzolariE RubiniM NevilleAJ BianchiF.EUROCAT Special Report: EUROCAT and Orofacial Clefts: The Epidemiology of Orofacial Clefts in 30 European Regions. 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