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We aimed to investigate this association, exploring the potential modifying roles of age at diagnosis and maternal anthropometrics, using prospectively collected data from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nternational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hildhood <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ancer <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ohort <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>onsortium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We pooled data on infant and parental characteristics and cancer incidence from six geographically and temporally diverse member cohorts [the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (UK), the Collaborative Perinatal Project (USA), the Danish National Birth Cohort (Denmark), the Jerusalem Perinatal Study (Israel), the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (Norway), and the Tasmanian Infant Health Survey (Australia)]. Birthweight metrics included a continuous measure, deciles, and categories (\u22654.0 vs. &lt;4.0 kilogram). Childhood cancer (377 cases diagnosed prior to age 15 years) risk was analysed by type (all sites, leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and non\u2010leukaemia) and age at diagnosis. We estimated hazard ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>) and 95% confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ox proportional hazards models stratified by cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A linear relationship was noted for each kilogram increment in birthweight adjusted for gender and gestational age for all cancers [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.26; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.02, 1.54]. Similar trends were observed for leukaemia. There were no significant interactions with maternal pre\u2010pregnancy overweight or pregnancy weight gain. Birthweight \u22654.0\u2009kg was associated with non\u2010leukaemia cancer among children diagnosed at age \u22653 years [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.62; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.06, 2.46], but not at younger ages [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.7; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.45, 1.24, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for difference\u2009=\u20090.02].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood cancer incidence rises with increasing birthweight. In older children, cancers other than leukaemia are particularly related to high birthweight. Maternal adiposity, currently widespread, was not demonstrated to substantially modify these associations. Common factors underlying foetal growth and carcinogenesis need to be further explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T16:54:12Z","timestamp":1432054452000},"page":"335-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Birthweight and Childhood Cancer: Preliminary Findings from the <scp>I<\/scp>nternational <scp>C<\/scp>hildhood <scp>C<\/scp>ancer <scp>C<\/scp>ohort <scp>C<\/scp>onsortium (<scp>I4C<\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ora","family":"Paltiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Braun School of Public Health Hadassah\u2010Hebrew University  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Tikellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Genetic Epidemiology Murdoch Children's Research Institute Royal 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