{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T06:57:19Z","timestamp":1787295439245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>The W<\/jats:styled-content>hite H<\/jats:styled-content>ouse, the A<\/jats:styled-content>merican H<\/jats:styled-content>eart A<\/jats:styled-content>ssociation, the A<\/jats:styled-content>gency for H<\/jats:styled-content>ealthcare R<\/jats:styled-content>esearch and Q<\/jats:styled-content>uality, and the N<\/jats:styled-content>ational H<\/jats:styled-content>eart, L<\/jats:styled-content>ung and B<\/jats:styled-content>lood I<\/jats:styled-content>nstitute have all recently acknowledged the need to disaggregate A<\/jats:styled-content>sian A<\/jats:styled-content>merican subgroups to better understand this heterogeneous racial group. This study aims to assess racial\/ethnic differences in relative contribution of risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM<\/jats:styled-content>) among A<\/jats:styled-content>sian subgroups (A<\/jats:styled-content>sian I<\/jats:styled-content>ndian, C<\/jats:styled-content>hinese, F<\/jats:styled-content>ilipino, J<\/jats:styled-content>apanese, K<\/jats:styled-content>orean, and V<\/jats:styled-content>ietnamese), Hispanics, non\u2010Hispanic blacks, and non\u2010Hispanic whites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Pregnant women in 2007\u20132012 were identified through C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia state birth certificate records and linked to the electronic health records in a large mixed\u2010payer ambulatory care organisation in N<\/jats:styled-content>orthern C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924\u2009195). Relative risk and population attributable fraction (PAF<\/jats:styled-content>) for specific racial\/ethnic groups were calculated to assess the contributions of advanced maternal age, overweight\/obesity (C<\/jats:styled-content>enters for D<\/jats:styled-content>isease C<\/jats:styled-content>ontrol and Prevention (CDC) standards and W<\/jats:styled-content>orld H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth O<\/jats:styled-content>rganization (WHO<\/jats:styled-content>)\/A<\/jats:styled-content>merican D<\/jats:styled-content>iabetes A<\/jats:styled-content>ssociation (ADA<\/jats:styled-content>) body mass index cut\u2010offs for A<\/jats:styled-content>sians), family history of type 2 diabetes, and foreign\u2010born status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>GDM<\/jats:styled-content> was most prevalent among A<\/jats:styled-content>sian I<\/jats:styled-content>ndians (19.3%). Relative risks were similar across all race\/ethnic groups. Advanced maternal age had higher PAFs<\/jats:styled-content> in non\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content>ispanic whites (22.5%) and Hispanics (22.7%). Meanwhile family history (A<\/jats:styled-content>sian I<\/jats:styled-content>ndians 22.6%, C<\/jats:styled-content>hinese 22.9%) and foreign\u2010borne status (C<\/jats:styled-content>hinese 40.2%, F<\/jats:styled-content>ilipinos 30.2%) had higher PAFs<\/jats:styled-content> in A<\/jats:styled-content>sian subgroups. Overweight\/obesity was the most important GDM<\/jats:styled-content> risk factor for non\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content>ispanic whites, H<\/jats:styled-content>ispanics, A<\/jats:styled-content>sian I<\/jats:styled-content>ndians, and F<\/jats:styled-content>ilipinos when the WHO<\/jats:styled-content>\/ADA<\/jats:styled-content> cut\u2010off points were applied. Advanced maternal age was the only risk factor studied that was modified by race\/ethnicity, with non\u2010H<\/jats:styled-content>ispanic white and H<\/jats:styled-content>ispanic women being more adversely affected than other racial\/ethnic groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Overweight\/obesity, advanced maternal age, family history of type 2 diabetes, and foreign\u2010borne status are important risk factors for GDM<\/jats:styled-content>. The relative contributions of these risk factors differ by race\/ethnicity, mainly due to differences in population prevalence of these risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T16:54:49Z","timestamp":1437584089000},"page":"436-443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Gestational Diabetes Prevalence and Contribution of Common Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Palo Alto Medical Foundation Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beinan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Palo Alto Medical Foundation Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie J.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vani","family":"Nimbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Palo Alto Medical Foundation Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Osmundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Palo Alto Medical Foundation Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita A.","family":"Popat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology Department of Health Research and Policy School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukyung","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Palo Alto Medical Foundation Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latha P.","family":"Palaniappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-S062"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"B9","article-title":"Epidemiology of glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes in women of childbearing age","volume":"21","author":"King H","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550130052036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2010.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.579"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.066100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301469"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2267"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program.Guidelines for diagnosis of hyperglycemia in pregnancy2012; Available at:http:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/programs\/cdapp\/Pages\/default.aspx[last accessed August 2014]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group Consensus Panel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2009.00992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1085620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"KhanH.Developing standards for linking electronic health records and vital records systems.2012National Conference on Health Statistics.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/ppt\/nchs2012\/SS\u201034_KHAN.pdf. [last accessed March 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2009a).Adult BMI. Available athttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyweight\/assessing\/bmi\/adult_bmi\/index.html. [last accessed August 2014]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-006-0090-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0951"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmq069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the percentage of gestational diabetes mellitus cases attributable to overweight an obesity, Florida, 2004\u20132007","volume":"9","author":"Kim SY","year":"2012","journal-title":"Preventing Chronic Disease"}],"container-title":["Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fppe.12209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T19:59:37Z","timestamp":1696017577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppe.12209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppe.12209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12209","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-5022","1365-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-5022","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]}}}