{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:33:21Z","timestamp":1788294801255,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,7]],"date-time":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute for Environmental Health Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K99ES021470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99ES021470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute for Environmental Health Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P01ES022849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01ES022849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute for Environmental Health Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20 ES018173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 ES018173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R834596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R834596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center of Excellence Award","award":["U50\/CCU913241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U50\/CCU913241"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Environmental pollutants and neighbourhood socioeconomic factors have been associated with neural tube defects, but the potential impact of interaction between ambient air pollution and neighbourhood socioeconomic factors on the risks of neural tube defects is not well understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We used data from the C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia C<\/jats:styled-content>enter of the N<\/jats:styled-content>ational B<\/jats:styled-content>irth D<\/jats:styled-content>efects S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy and the C<\/jats:styled-content>hildren's H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth and A<\/jats:styled-content>ir P<\/jats:styled-content>ollution S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy to investigate whether associations between air pollutant exposure in early gestation and neural tube defects were modified by neighbourhood socioeconomic factors in the S<\/jats:styled-content>an J<\/jats:styled-content>oaquin V<\/jats:styled-content>alley of C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia, 1997\u20132006. There were 5 pollutant exposures, 3 outcomes, and 9 neighbourhood socioeconomic factors included for a total of 135 investigated associations. Estimates were adjusted for maternal race\u2010ethnicity, education, and multivitamin use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>We present below odds ratios (ORs) that exclude 1 and a chi\u2010square test of homogeneity P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value of <0.05. We observed increased odds of spina bifida comparing the highest to lowest quartile of particulate matter <10\u2009\u03bcm (PM<\/jats:styled-content>10<\/jats:sub>) among those living in a neighbourhood with: (i) median household income of less than $30\u2009000 per year [OR<\/jats:styled-content> 5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.7, 15.3]; (ii) more than 20% living below the federal poverty level (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.6, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.1, 6.0); and (iii) more than 30% with less than or equal to a high school education (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.2, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.4, 7.4). The ORs<\/jats:styled-content> were not statistically significant among those higher socioeconomic status (SES<\/jats:styled-content>) neighbourhoods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Our results demonstrate effect modification by neighbourhood socioeconomic factors in the association of particulate matter and neural tube defects in C<\/jats:styled-content>alifornia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,8]],"date-time":"2015-10-08T00:08:44Z","timestamp":1444262924000},"page":"536-545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Air Pollution, Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Factors, and Neural Tube Defects in the S<\/scp>an J<\/scp>oaquin V<\/scp>alley of C<\/scp>alifornia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Padula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Stanford University Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Stanford University Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Stanford University Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira B.","family":"Tager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences University of California Berkeley CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Lurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc. Petaluma CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Katharine","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences University of California Berkeley CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Stanford University Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911113412006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"March of Dimes Global Report on Birth Defects","author":"Christianson A","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"362","article-title":"Spina bifida and anencephaly before and after folic acid mandate \u2013 United States 1995\u20131996 and 1999\u20132000","volume":"53","author":"CDC","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Congenital malformations of the central nervous system; maternal reproductive history and familial incidence","volume":"4","author":"Record RG","year":"1950","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02163.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002212"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306802"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.11.1674"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00728.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.2.176"}],"container-title":["Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fppe.12244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T08:15:31Z","timestamp":1696148131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppe.12244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppe.12244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12244","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-5022","1365-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-5022","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,7]]}}}