{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:04:00Z","timestamp":1787979840000,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with altered male reproductive tract development, and in particular, shorter anogenital distance (AGD<\/jats:styled-content>). AGD<\/jats:styled-content>, a sexually dimorphic index of prenatal androgen exposure, may also be altered by prenatal stress. How these exposures interact to impact AGD<\/jats:styled-content> is unknown. Here, we examine the extent to which associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and infant AGD<\/jats:styled-content> are modified by prenatal exposure to stressful life events (SLEs<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Phthalate metabolites [including those of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP<\/jats:styled-content>) and their molar sum (\u03a3DEHP<\/jats:styled-content>)] were measured in first trimester urine from 738 pregnant women participating in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES<\/jats:styled-content>). Women completed questionnaires on SLEs<\/jats:styled-content>, and permitted infant AGD<\/jats:styled-content> measurements at birth. Subjects were classified as \u2018lower\u2019 and \u2018higher\u2019 stress (0 first trimester SLEs<\/jats:styled-content> vs. 1+).We estimated relationships between phthalate concentrations and AGD<\/jats:styled-content> (by infant sex and stress group) using adjusted multiple regression interaction models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In the lower stress group, first trimester \u03a3DEHP<\/jats:styled-content> was inversely associated with two measures of male AGD<\/jats:styled-content>: anoscrotal distance (AGD\u2010AS<\/jats:styled-content>; \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22121.78; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> \u22122.97, \u22120.59) and anopenile distance (AGD\u2010AP<\/jats:styled-content>; \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22121.61; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> \u22123.01, \u22120.22). By contrast, associations in the higher stress group were mostly positive and non\u2010significant in male infants. No associations were observed in girls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and altered genital development were only apparent in sons of mothers who reported no SLEs<\/jats:styled-content> during pregnancy. Prenatal stress and phthalates may interact to shape fetal development in ways that have not been previously explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T17:36:55Z","timestamp":1447781815000},"page":"105-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Prenatal Stress as a Modifier of Associations between Phthalate Exposure and Reproductive Development: results from a Multicentre Pregnancy Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1240-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Parlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA"},{"name":"Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Bruce","family":"Redmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Minnesota MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby H. N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Community Health University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanna H.","family":"Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-37-1-74"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1122"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196306062682308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103421"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-90"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408163","article-title":"Prenatal phthalate exposures and anogenital distance in Swedish boys","volume":"123","author":"Bornehag CG","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6723"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu363"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1335"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(67)90010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136536"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1990.10389587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298669391355134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1335"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.3\/tbale"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00861.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1567"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306681"}],"container-title":["Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fppe.12264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:51:23Z","timestamp":1695574283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppe.12264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppe.12264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12264","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-5022","1365-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-5022","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]}}}