{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:12:57Z","timestamp":1773789177125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Particulate matter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content>) has been documented to contribute to preterm delivery. However, few studies have investigated the relationships between individual constituents of fine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and preterm delivery, and factors that may modify their associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we examined the associations between several prenatal exposure metrics to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and 23 constituents of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and preterm delivery in California from 2000 to 2006. In a retrospective cohort study including 231 637 births, we conducted logistic regression analyses adjusting for maternal, infant, temporal, geographic, and neighbourhood characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed increased risk for preterm delivery with full\u2010gestational exposure for several <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> constituents. Per interquartile range increase, ammonium (21.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 17.1, 25.4), nitrate (18.1%, 95% CI 14.9, 21.4) and bromine (16.7%, 95% CI 13.2, 20.3) had some of the largest increased risks. Alternatively, some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> constituents were inversely associated with preterm delivery, including chlorine (\u22128.2%, 95% CI \u221210.3, \u22126.0), sodium (\u221213.2%, 95% CI \u221215.2, \u221211.3), sodium ion (\u221211.9%, 95% CI \u221214.1, \u22129.6) and vanadium (\u221219.2%, 95% CI \u221225.3, \u221212.6). Greater associations between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> constituents and preterm delivery were observed for Blacks and Asians, older mothers, and those with some college education compared to their reference groups, as well as for births with gestational ages from 32 to 34 weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> constituents ammonium, nitrate and bromine, often linked to traffic and biomass combustion, were most associated with increased risk of preterm delivery in California. Certain demographic subgroups may be particularly impacted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T16:57:21Z","timestamp":1500656241000},"page":"424-434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Association between <scp>PM<\/scp><sub>2.5<\/sub> and <scp>PM<\/scp><sub>2.5<\/sub> Constituents and Preterm Delivery in California, 2000\u20132006"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4094-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupa","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Climate Epidemiology Section California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Oakland CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dharshani","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Climate Epidemiology Section California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Oakland CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Ebisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Climate Epidemiology Section California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Oakland CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Malig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Climate Epidemiology Section California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Oakland CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200507000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health.Preterm Birth Rate California 2000\u20102013.https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/programs\/mcah\/Documents\/2000-2013%20Preterm%20Birth%20Rates%20%E2%80%93%20with%202013%20County%20data.pdf2016[last accessed 29 March 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1204918"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-40"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800334"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-89"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt216"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408953"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a7128f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Birth Statistical Master Files, 1999\u20132009","author":"California Department of Health Services","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-49"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"California Air Resources Board.Air Quality Data Section Planning and Technical Support Division.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"Air Quality System Data Mart[database on the Internet].http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/airs\/aqsdatamart\/[last accessed 25 November 2014] 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center. Climate Resources.http:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/oa\/climate\/climateresources.html[last accessed18 March 2013] 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"California Irrigation Management System (CIMIS)[database on the Internet] [last accesses 25 November 2014] 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp468"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307456"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. Version 9.3.Cary NC 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.956904"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-12085-2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es802930x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408798"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0868-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e521","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.SE1.e521","article-title":"The role of race and ethnicity in the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in four states: are there baseline disparities, and what do they mean for SCHIP?","volume":"112","author":"Shone LP","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-007-0244-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.18043\/ncm.67.1.16","article-title":"Racial disparities in birth outcomes increase with maternal age: recent data from North Carolina","volume":"67","author":"Buescher PA","year":"2006","journal-title":"North Carolina Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0038-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu060"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205201"}],"container-title":["Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fppe.12380","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12380","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T20:42:29Z","timestamp":1695501749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppe.12380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppe.12380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12380","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-5022","1365-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-5022","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]}}}