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While <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection has been associated with reduced semen quality and lower pregnancy rates in some studies, no studies have examined the relationship between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> vaccination and fecundability. We hypothesize that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> prevention via vaccination will protect fecundity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data from Pregnancy Study Online (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRESTO<\/jats:styled-content>), a preconception cohort of North American pregnancy planners. Between 2013 and 2017, we followed 3483 female pregnancy planners and 1022 of their male partners for 12\u00a0months or until reported pregnancy, whichever came first. At baseline, participants reported whether they had been vaccinated against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> and their age at vaccination. We estimated fecundability ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FR<\/jats:styled-content>) and 95% confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) using proportional probabilities models adjusted for sociodemographics, smoking, and abnormal Pap test before <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> vaccination (females only).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> vaccination was more prevalent among females (33.9%) than males (5.2%). There was little overall association between female vaccination (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.98, 95% CI 0.90, 1.08) or male vaccination (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.07, 95% CI 0.79, 1.46) and fecundability. Among females with a history of sexually transmitted infections or pelvic inflammatory disease (i.e. a group at high risk of exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection), those vaccinated against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> had higher fecundability than those not vaccinated (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.35, 95% CI 0.99, 1.86).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> vaccination had little effect on fecundability overall, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> vaccination was positively associated with fecundability among women with a history of sexually transmitted infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T19:06:40Z","timestamp":1504811200000},"page":"531-536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effect of Vaccination Against Human Papillomavirus on Fecundability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"McInerney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia K.","family":"Wesselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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