{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:23:28Z","timestamp":1781886208924,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies of the association between tobacco smoke and hearing loss in children are limited, involve small samples and are cross\u2010sectional. We investigated the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy and exposure to tobacco smoke at age 4\u00a0months with hearing impairment at age 3\u00a0years in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This population\u2010based retrospective cohort study included 50\u00a0734 children born between 2004 and 2010 in Kobe City, Japan. Smoking during pregnancy and exposure to tobacco smoke at 4\u00a0months was measured using parent\u2010reported questionnaires. Hearing impairment was determined by the whispered voice test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the included children, 3.8% were exposed to smoking only during pregnancy; 3.9% were exposed only to second\u2010hand smoke at 4\u00a0months; and 0.9% were exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and at 4\u00a0months. The prevalence of hearing impairment at age 3\u00a0years was 4.6%. Compared with children not exposed to tobacco smoke prenatally and at 4\u00a0months, the risk of hearing impairment was elevated in children exposed to only maternal past smoking during pregnancy (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13, 1.40), only second\u2010hand smoke at 4\u00a0months (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.07, 1.56), only smoking during pregnancy (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.42, 2.00) and smoking during pregnancy and second\u2010hand smoke at 4\u00a0months (RR 2.35, 95% CI 1.79, 3.10).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to tobacco smoke prenatally and postnatally was associated with hearing impairment in children. A prevention of smoking before and during pregnancy and exposure to second\u2010hand smoke postnatally may reduce hearing impairment risk in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T05:31:15Z","timestamp":1528263075000},"page":"430-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exposure to tobacco smoke prenatally and during infancy and risk of hearing impairment among children in Japan: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Calistus","family":"Wilunda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biostatistics Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7477-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60602-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(99)00213-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60692-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300103162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.128728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61388-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.11.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015 Country Profile: Japan 2015.http:\/\/www.who.int\/tobacco\/surveillance\/policy\/country_profile\/jpn.pdf. 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