{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:40:59Z","timestamp":1787319659470,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD 034568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD 034568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is great interest in understanding whether interventions on sugar\u2010sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption through pregnancy and early childhood affect adolescent body mass index (BMI). Without data from randomised trials, unbiased estimation of such effects might be achieved with observational data given sufficient and appropriate adjustment for both baseline and time\u2010varying confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To illustrate the use of inverse probability (IP) weighting of marginal structural models (MSM) for estimating the effects of SSB consumption through pregnancy and early childhood on the mean early adolescent BMI z\u2010score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our baseline sample consisted of 1584 pregnant women from a pre\u2010birth cohort. We defined 6 intervention intervals: early pregnancy, late pregnancy, 3, 4, 5, and 6\u00a0years. We fitted a MSM via a weighted linear regression with IP exposure and censoring weights to estimate the mean difference in BMI z\u2010score under interventions: \u201cmaintain SSB consumption below (vs above) 0.5 servings\/day in all intervals.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated difference in mean BMI z\u2010score under interventions maintaining SSB consumption at or below (vs above) 0.5 servings\/day from pregnancy to 6\u00a0years was \u22120.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] \u22121.52, \u22120.08). The effect estimate in pregnancy, while fixing the exposure range in childhood, was \u22120.05 (95% CI \u22120.34, 0.23), and in early childhood, while fixing the range in pregnancy was \u22120.89 (95% CI \u22121.46, \u22120.11). The effect estimates were largely unchanged under sensitivity analyses to different implementation choices except for the choice of time interval length.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under assumptions that include no unmeasured confounding and selection bias, and no model misspecification, results of this\u00a0IP weighting application are in line with a lower mean BMI z\u2010score in early adolescence under interventions ensuring lower, vs greater, SSB consumption in early life. This application provides a resource for researchers working with longitudinal birth cohort studies and interested in similar causal questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T08:15:35Z","timestamp":1584000935000},"page":"366-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of intergenerational exposure interventions on adolescent outcomes: An application of inverse probability weighting to longitudinal pre\u2010birth cohort data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Han","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl L.","family":"Rifas\u2010Shiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Kleinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology School of Public Health and Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Oken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica G.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.058362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","article-title":"Associations of sugar sweetened beverage intake at ages 18 months and 5 years with adiposity outcomes at age 6 years: The Singapore GUSTO mother\u2010offspring cohort","volume":"1","author":"Quah PL","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203388"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Developmental origins of obesity. 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