{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:54:53Z","timestamp":1772160893729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preliminary studies suggest that the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic and associated social, economic and clinical disruptions have affected pregnancy decision\u2010making and outcomes. Whilst a few US\u2010based studies have examined regional changes in birth outcomes during the pandemic's first months, much remains unknown of how the pandemic impacted perinatal health indicators at the national\u2010level throughout 2020, including during the \u2018second wave\u2019 of infections that occurred later in the year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe changes in monthly rates of perinatal health indicators during the 2020 pandemic for the entire US.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the years 2015 to 2020, we obtained national monthly rates (per 100 births) for four perinatal indicators: preterm (&lt;37\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation), early preterm (&lt;34\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation), late preterm (34\u201336\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation) and caesarean delivery. We used an interrupted time\u2010series approach to compare the outcomes observed after the pandemic began (March 2020) to those expected had the pandemic not occurred for March through December of 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observed rates of preterm birth fell below expectation across several months of the 2020 pandemic. These declines were largest in magnitude in early and late 2020, with a 5%\u20136% relative difference between observed and expected occurring in March and November. For example, in March 2020, the observed preterm birth rate of 9.8 per 100\u00a0live births fell below the 95% prediction interval (PI) of the rate predicted from history, which was 10.5 preterm births per 100\u00a0live births (95% PI 10.2, 10.7). We detected no changes from expectation in the rate of caesarean deliveries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings provide nationwide evidence of unexpected reductions in preterm delivery during the 2020 SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic in the US. Observed declines below expectation were differed by both timing of delivery and birth month, suggesting that several mechanisms, which require further study, may explain these patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T05:57:45Z","timestamp":1631512665000},"page":"485-489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Changes in preterm birth and caesarean deliveries in the United States during the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison","family":"Gemmill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan A.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Karasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Margerison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Michigan State University  East Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Bruckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health University of California, Irvine  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00079-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"HamiltonBE MartinJA OstermanMJK.Births: Provisional data for 2020. Vital Statistics Rapid Release; no 12. Hyattsville MD: National Center for Health Statistics. May 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390\u2010021\u201001513\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.6512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"New York Times.Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count.https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/us\/covid\u2010cases.html. Accessed July 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.Provisional Estimates for Selected Maternal and Infant Outcomes by Month 2018\u20102020.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/covid19\/technical\u2010notes\u2010outcomes.htm. 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Villa Park IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003075"}],"container-title":["Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12811","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ppe.12811","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12811","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T03:37:19Z","timestamp":1692848239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppe.12811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppe.12811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12811","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.03.20.21253990","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0269-5022","1365-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-5022","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}