{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T19:03:44Z","timestamp":1784315024896,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While pollution from vehicle sources is an established risk factor for preterm birth, it is unclear whether distance of residence to the nearest major road or related measures like major road density represent useful measures for characterising risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether major road proximity measures (including distance to major road, major road density and traffic volume) are more useful risk factors for preterm birth than other established vehicle\u2010related measures (including particulate matter &lt;2.5\u00a0\u03bcm in diameter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and diesel particulate matter (diesel PM)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 2.7 million births across the state of California from 2011\u20132017; each address at delivery was geocoded. Geocoding was used to calculate distance to the nearest major road, major road density within a 500\u00a0m radius and major road density weighted by truck volume. We measured associations with preterm birth using risk ratios adjusted for target demographic, clinical, socioeconomic and environmental covariates (aRRs). We compared these to the associations between preterm birth and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and diesel PM by census tract of residence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings showed that whereas higher mean levels of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and diesel PM by census tract were associated with a higher risk of preterm birth, living closer to roads or living in higher traffic density areas was not associated with higher risk. Residence in a census tract with a mean PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> in the top quartile compared with the lowest quartile was associated with the highest observed risk of preterm birth (aRR 1.04, 95% CI 1.04, 1.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over a large geographical region with a diverse population, PM2.5 and diesel PM were associated with preterm birth, while measures of distance to major road were not, suggesting that these distance measures do not serve as a proxy for measures of particulate matter in the context of preterm birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T15:29:53Z","timestamp":1637335793000},"page":"70-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Residential particulate matter, proximity to major roads, traffic density and traffic volume as risk factors for preterm birth in California"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean M.","family":"Costello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Program in Biological and Medical Informatics University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0794-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina A.","family":"Steurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of California San Diego  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health Stanford University  Stanford CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Stanford University  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Jelliffe\u2010Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2018","volume":"68","author":"Martin JA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010069X\u201010\u201089"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869\u2010015\u20100356\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.58.10.649\u2010654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181fe759f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010069X\u201012\u201034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010069X\u20108\u201059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"ArcGIS Desktop 10.7.1","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"LineShapefiles","author":"Bureau USCTIGER"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Transportation CSDo. 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