{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:39:03Z","timestamp":1789731543752,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air pollution is linked to preterm birth (PTB), but existing studies are primarily focused on chronic exposures, conducted in areas with moderate pollution, and\/or subject to confounding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated short\u2010term associations between two pollutants [particulate matter &lt;2.5\u00a0microns (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and ozone] and PTB, and estimated excess PTB cases potentially attributed to these pollutants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This time\u2010stratified case\u2010crossover study includes 196,970\u00a0singleton pregnancies affected by PTB and early term birth from the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, USA (2007\u20132015). Daily ozone and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations were estimated by the SJV Air Pollution Control District and geospatially linked to maternal zip code. We used conditional logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between an interquartile range (IQR) increase in pollutants and very preterm (VPTB, 20\u201334\u00a0weeks), moderate preterm (MPTB, 34\u201336\u00a0weeks) and early term births (ETB, 37\u201338\u00a0weeks). We adjusted all models for co\u2010pollutants and meteorological factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During warm seasons (May\u2010October), an IQR increase in ozone was associated with 9\u201311% increased odds of VPTB from lag 0 (OR<jats:sub>lag0<\/jats:sub> 1.09, 95% CI 1.04,1.16) to lag 7 (OR<jats:sub>lag7<\/jats:sub> 1.11, 95% CI 1.04,1.16). Findings were consistent for MPTB and ETB. Ozone was potentially responsible for an excess of 3\u20136\u00a0VPTBs, 7\u20139 PTBs and 24\u201342 ETBs per 1,000\u00a0singleton deliveries. During cold seasons (November\u2010April), increased PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure was associated with 5\u20136% increased odds of VPTB beginning at lag 3 (OR<jats:sub>lag3<\/jats:sub> 1.06, 95% CI 1.02,1.11). PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was associated with an excess of 1\u20133\u00a0VPTBs, 0\u20133\u00a0MPTBs and 6\u201318 ETBs per 1,000\u00a0singleton deliveries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and ozone are associated with increased risk of VPTB, MPTB and ETB within one week of exposure and are potential contributors to the increasing PTB trend. More research is needed to further understand the role of air pollution on PTB risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:47:10Z","timestamp":1638838030000},"page":"80-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Air pollution and preterm birth: A time\u2010stratified case\u2010crossover study in the San Joaquin Valley of California"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2975-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandie","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California Merced California USA"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Institute University of California Merced"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California Merced California USA"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Institute University of California Merced"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec M.","family":"Chan\u2010Golston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California Merced California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"CDC. 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Climate change decreases the quality of the air we breathe. 2021;https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/climateandhealth\/pubs\/air\u2010quality\u2010final_508.pdf. 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