{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:35:00Z","timestamp":1792006500665,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic has accelerated pregnancy outcome research, but little attention has been given specifically to the risk of congenital anomalies (CA) and first trimester exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed the main data sources and study designs used internationally, particularly in Europe, for CA research, and their strengths and limitations for investigating COVID\u201019 disease, medications and vaccines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>We classify research designs based on four data sources: a) spontaneous adverse event reporting, where study subjects are positive for both exposure and outcome, b) pregnancy exposure registries, where study subjects are positive for exposure, c) congenital anomaly registries, where study subjects are positive for outcome and d) population healthcare data where the entire population of births is included, irrespective of exposure and outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each data source allows different study designs, including case series, exposed pregnancy cohorts (with external comparator), ecological studies, case\u2010control studies and population cohort studies (with internal comparator).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quality of data sources for CA studies is reviewed in relation to criteria including diagnostic accuracy of CA data, size of study population, inclusion of terminations of pregnancy for foetal anomaly, inclusion of first trimester COVID\u201019\u2010related exposures and use of an internal comparator group. Multinational collaboration models are reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnancy exposure registries have been the main design for COVID\u201019 pregnancy studies, but lack detail regarding first trimester exposures relevant to CA, or a suitable comparator group. CA registries present opportunities for improving diagnostic accuracy in COVID\u201019 research, especially when linked to other data sources. Availability of inpatient hospital medication use in population healthcare data is limited. More use of ongoing mother\u2010baby linkage systems would improve research efficiency. Multinational collaboration delivers statistical power.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Challenges and opportunities exist to improve research on CA in relation to the COVID\u201019 pandemic and future pandemics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T10:59:14Z","timestamp":1646218754000},"page":"493-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["COVID\u201019 in pregnancy\u2014what study designs can we use to assess the risk of congenital anomalies in relation to COVID\u201019 disease, treatment and vaccination?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Dolk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University  United 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