{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:55:20Z","timestamp":1793433320598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iron plays a role in many key processes in the developing brain. During pregnancy, iron supplementation is widely recommended to prevent and treat iron deficiency; however, the prevalence of iron deficiency and the risk of iron overload vary greatly between populations. Evidence on the role of high levels of maternal ferritin, a storage iron marker during pregnancy in relation to offspring neurodevelopment is lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our main objective was to examine if maternal ferritin levels during pregnancy are associated with child cognitive and motor abilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included Dutch mother\u2010child dyads from the prospective population\u2010based Generation R Study, born in 2002\u20132006. We compared children whose mothers had high (standard deviation score &gt;+1) or low (standard deviation score &lt;\u22121) early\u2010pregnancy ferritin to children whose mothers had intermediate ferritin (reference group) using linear regression. Children underwent non\u2010verbal intelligence and language tests at 4\u20139\u00a0years (cognitive abilities), finger\u2010tapping and balancing tests at 8\u201312\u00a0years (motor abilities), and structural magnetic resonance imaging at 8\u201312\u00a0years (brain morphology). Covariates were child age, sex, maternal intelligence quotient estimate, age, body\u2010mass\u2010index, education, parity, smoking and alcohol use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 2479 mother\u2010child dyads with data on maternal ferritin and at least one child neurodevelopmental outcome, 387 mothers had low (mean\u00a0=\u00a020.6\u00a0\u00b5g\/L), 1700 intermediate (mean\u00a0=\u00a064.6\u00a0\u00b5g\/L) and 392 high (mean\u00a0=\u00a0170.3\u00a0\u00b5g\/L) early\u2010pregnancy ferritin. High maternal ferritin was associated with 2.54 points (95% confidence interval \u20104.16, \u20100.92) lower child intelligence quotient and 16.02\u00a0cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>(95% confidence interval \u201030.57, \u20101.48) smaller brain volume. Results remained similar after excluding mothers with high C\u2010reactive protein. Low maternal ferritin was not associated with child cognitive abilities. Maternal ferritin was unrelated to child motor outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>High maternal ferritin during pregnancy was associated with poorer child cognitive abilities and smaller brain volume. Maternal iron status during pregnancy may be associated with offspring neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T12:57:54Z","timestamp":1640782674000},"page":"425-434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Maternal early\u2010pregnancy ferritin and offspring neurodevelopment: A prospective cohort study from gestation to school age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sammallahti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital Rotterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital Rotterdam Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Science Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwin K. M.","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology Erasmus MC Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital Rotterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina U.","family":"Muckenthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology Hematology &amp; Immunology University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Hopp Children\u2019s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KITZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"El Marroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital Rotterdam Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9686-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijn","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology Erasmus MC Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital Rotterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Guideline on Use of Ferritin Concentrations to Assess Iron Status in Individuals and Populations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074876"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Second National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population 2012","author":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9022-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9980-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0319-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1977.tb08819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Snijders\u2010Oomen Niet\u2010Verbale Intelligentietest SON\u2010R 2 1\/2\u20107. 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