{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T07:55:01Z","timestamp":1773647701124,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD103736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD103736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The United States (US) data suggest fewer\u2010than\u2010expected preterm births in 2020, but no study has examined the impact of exposure to the early COVID\u201019 pandemic at different points in gestation on preterm birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our objective was to determine\u2014among cohorts exposed to the early COVID\u201019 pandemic\u2014whether observed counts of overall, early and moderately preterm birth fell outside the expected range.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used de\u2010identified, cross\u2010sectional, national birth certificate data from 2014 to 2020. We used month and year of birth and gestational age to estimate month of conception for birth. We calculated the count of overall (&lt;37\u2009weeks gestation), early (&lt;33\u2009weeks gestation) and moderately (33 to &lt;37\u2009weeks gestation) preterm birth by month of conception. We employed time series methods to estimate expected counts of preterm birth for exposed conception cohorts and identified cohorts for whom the observed counts of preterm birth fell outside the 95% detection interval of the expected value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 23,731,146 births in our study, the mean prevalence of preterm birth among monthly conception cohorts was 9.7 per 100 live births. Gestations conceived in July, August or December of 2019\u2014that is exposed to the early COVID\u201019 pandemic in the first or third trimester\u2014yielded approximately 3245 fewer moderately preterm and 3627 fewer overall preterm births than the expected values for moderate and overall preterm. Gestations conceived in August and October of 2019\u2014that is exposed to the early COVID\u201019 pandemic in the late second to third trimester\u2014produced approximately 498 fewer early preterm births than the expected count for early preterm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to the early COVID\u201019 pandemic may have promoted longer gestation among close\u2010to\u2010term pregnancies, reduced risk of later preterm delivery among gestations exposed in the first trimester or induced selective loss of gestations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T16:39:02Z","timestamp":1657730342000},"page":"104-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exposure to the early <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 pandemic and early, moderate and overall preterm births in the <scp>United States<\/scp>: A conception cohort approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0692-2252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E.","family":"Margerison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim A.","family":"Bruckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Center for Population, Inequality, and Policy University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"MacCallum\u2010Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan A.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences Columbia Mailman School of Public Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison","family":"Gemmill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6935a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Ballotpedia.Status of lockdown and stay\u2010at\u2010home orders in response to the coronavirus (COVID\u201019) pandemic 2020.https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Status_of_lockdown_and_stay\u2010at\u2010home_orders_in_response_to_the_coronavirus_(COVID\u201019)_pandemic_2020. 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