{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:31:51Z","timestamp":1787988711787,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal thyroid function plays an important role in foetal brain development; however, little consensus exists regarding the relationship between normal variability in thyroid hormones and common neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sought to examine the association between mid\u2010pregnancy maternal thyroid function and risk of clinically diagnosed ADHD in offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a nested case\u2013control study in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Among children born 2003 or later, we randomly sampled singleton ADHD cases obtained through linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0298) and 554 controls. Concentrations of maternal triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), T3\u2010Uptake, thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO\u2010Ab) were measured in maternal plasma, collected at approximately 17\u2009weeks' gestation. Indices of free T4 (FT4i) and free T3 (FT3i) were calculated. We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and accounted for missing covariate data using multiple imputation. We used restricted cubic splines to assess non\u2010linear trends and provide flexible representations. We examined effect measure modification by dietary iodine and selenium intake. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded women with clinically significant thyroid disorders (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a073).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>High maternal T3 was associated with increased risk of ADHD (5th vs 1st quintile odds ratio \u00a02.27, 95% confidence interval 1.21, 4.26). For FT4i, both the lowest and highest quintiles were associated with an approximate 1.6\u2010fold increase in risk of ADHD, with similar trends found for T4. The FT4i association was modified by dietary iodine intake such that the highest risk strata were confined to the low intake group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both high and low concentrations of maternal thyroid hormones, although within population reference ranges, increase the risk of ADHD in offspring. Increased susceptibility may be found among women with low dietary intake of iodine and selenium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T06:06:40Z","timestamp":1670566000000},"page":"218-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gestational thyroid hormone concentrations and risk of attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3942-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Engel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8947-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gro D.","family":"Villanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistical Science Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Nethery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha S. M.","family":"Drover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Thomas","family":"Zoeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Massachusetts at Amherst  Amherst Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle M.","family":"Meltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pal","family":"Zeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gun\u00a0Peggy","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Reichborn\u2010Kjennerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo 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