{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T22:26:51Z","timestamp":1785277611472,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012544","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU110\u2010MF\u201058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU110\u2010MF\u201058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012544","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU111\u2010MF\u201055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU111\u2010MF\u201055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107\u20102119\u2010M\u2010039\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107\u20102119\u2010M\u2010039\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108\u20102621\u2010M\u2010039\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108\u20102621\u2010M\u2010039\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109\u20102121\u2010M\u2010039\u2010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109\u20102121\u2010M\u2010039\u2010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110\u20102121\u2010M\u2010039\u2010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110\u20102121\u2010M\u2010039\u2010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111\u20102121\u2010M\u2010039\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111\u20102121\u2010M\u2010039\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tic disorders are common neurodevelopmental disorders during childhood. Whether prenatal and postnatal exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5\u00a0\u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) plays a role in the development of tic disorders remains unexplored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the association of exposure between PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> during the pregnancy and infancy periods and the risk of tic disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This birth cohort study recruited singleton live births at term gestations in central Taiwan from the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database between 2004 and 2012 and followed up to the end of 2017. New cases of tic disorders were defined using the ICD\u20109\u2010CM (307.2) and ICD\u201010\u2010CM (F95), which include all tic spectrum disorders. We assigned daily PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations derived from a satellite\u2010based model to individuals based on maternal residential addresses at delivery. We fit Cox proportional hazard model and distributed lag non\u2010linear model to estimate the associations between PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and tic disorders, with hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) as the effect measure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 309,376 singleton live births at term gestations, we identified 5902 (1.9%) tic disorder cases. The HR of tic disorders was positively associated with a 10\u00a0\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> increase in PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>: during pregnancy HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04, 1.15 and during infancy HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06, 1.18. The vulnerable time window for infants with increased risk of tic disorders was 6\u201352\u2009weeks after birth. We observed a nonlinear relationship between PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and the risk of tic disorders, with exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> between 16 and 64\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> being associated with the risk of tic disorders. The association was restricted to Tourette's disorder group. Infant sex did not modify these associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants delivered at term and exposed to PM2.5 are associated with an increased risk of tic disorders (6\u201352\u2009weeks). Further studies are needed to confirm these associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T11:20:47Z","timestamp":1671794447000},"page":"191-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prenatal and postnatal exposure to <scp>PM<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp><sub>.5<\/sub> and the risk of tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Yu\u2010Tzu","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology China Medical University Children's Hospital  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"},{"name":"School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0673-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chau\u2010Ren","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health College of Public Health, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"},{"name":"Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office National Institute for Environmental Studies  Tsukuba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Chu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Health College of Public Health, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao\u2010Ru","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Health College of Public Health, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei\u2010Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human Science and Social Innovation HungKuang University  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5951-9662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing\u2010Fang","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Health College of Public Health, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University  Taichung Taiwan R.O.C"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)90005-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying artificial neural\u2010network model to predict psychiatric symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Allahyari E","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMedicine (Taiwan)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116856"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0278-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-53"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2016-0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57187\/smw.2012.13322"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59989670172-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318208f561"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.17.4.486"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28702-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Set\u2010up and future application of the Taiwan maternal and child health database (TMCHD)","volume":"35","author":"Li CY","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwan J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408483"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2014.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114413"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s3511"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/736385","article-title":"Neurotoxicants are in the air: convergence of human, animal, and in vitro studies on the effects of air pollution on the brain","volume":"2014","author":"Costa LG","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.08.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150204121719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj108"},{"issue":"282","key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","article-title":"Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age","volume":"2015","author":"Simon AK","year":"1821","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000714"}],"container-title":["Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12943","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ppe.12943","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.12943","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T03:31:29Z","timestamp":1692675089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppe.12943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppe.12943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12943","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-5022","1365-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-5022","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}