{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:21:50Z","timestamp":1781018510873,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with congenital heart defects (CHD) are twice as likely as their peers to be born preterm (&lt;37\u2009weeks' gestation), yet descriptions of recent trends in long\u2010term survival by gestational age at birth (GA) are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify changes in survival to age 5\u2009years of children in England with severe CHD by GA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimated changes in survival to age five of children with severe CHD and all other children born in England between April 2004 and March 2016, overall and by GA\u2010group using linked hospital and mortality records.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 5,953,598 livebirths, 5.7% (339,080 of 5,953,598) were born preterm, 0.35% (20,648 of 5,953,598) died before age five and 3.6 per 1000 (21,291 of 5,953,598) had severe CHD. Adjusting for GA, under\u2010five mortality rates fell at a similar rate between 2004\u20132008 and 2012\u20132016 for children with severe CHD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.71, 0.88) and all other children (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.76, 0.81). For children with severe CHD, overall survival to age five increased from 87.5% (95% CI 86.6, 88.4) in 2004\u20132008 to 89.6% (95% CI 88.9, 90.3) in 2012\u20132016. There was strong evidence for better survival in the \u226539\u2010week group (90.2%, 95% CI 89.1, 91.2 to 93%, 95% CI 92.4, 93.9), weaker evidence at 24\u201331 and 37\u201338\u2009weeks and no evidence at 32\u201336\u2009weeks. We estimate that 51 deaths (95% CI 24, 77) per year in children with severe CHD were averted in 2012\u20132016 compared to what would have been the case had 2004\u20132008 mortality rates persisted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine out of 10 children with severe CHD in 2012\u20132016 survived to age five. The small improvement in survival over the study period was driven by increased survival in term children. Most children with severe CHD are reaching school age and may require additional support by schools and healthcare services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T11:10:50Z","timestamp":1675681850000},"page":"390-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Trends in survival of children with severe congenital heart defects by gestational age at birth: A population\u2010based study using administrative hospital data for England"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health  London UK"},{"name":"UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies  London 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