{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:13:30Z","timestamp":1790925210700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Certain associations observed in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) contrasted with other research or were from areas with mixed findings, including no decrease in odds of spina bifida with periconceptional folic acid supplementation, moderately increased cleft palate odds with ondansetron use and reduced hypospadias odds with maternal smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the plausibility and extent of differential participation to produce effect estimates observed in NBDPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the literature for factors related to these exposures and participation and conducted deterministic quantitative bias analyses. We estimated case\u2010control participation and expected exposure prevalence based on internal and external reports, respectively. For the folic acid\u2010spina bifida and ondansetron\u2010cleft palate analyses, we hypothesized the true odds ratio (OR) based on prior studies and quantified the degree of exposure over\u2010 (or under\u2010) representation to produce the crude OR (cOR) in NBDPS. For the smoking\u2010hypospadias analysis, we estimated the extent of selection bias needed to nullify the association as well as the maximum potential harmful OR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under our assumptions (participation, exposure prevalence, true OR), there was overrepresentation of folic acid use and underrepresentation of ondansetron use and smoking among participants. Folic acid\u2010exposed spina bifida cases would need to have been \u22651.2\u00d7 more likely to participate than exposed controls to yield the observed null cOR. Ondansetron\u2010exposed cleft palate cases would need to have been 1.6\u00d7 more likely to participate than exposed controls if the true OR is null. Smoking\u2010exposed hypospadias cases would need to have been \u22651.2 times less likely to participate than exposed controls for the association to falsely appear protective (upper bound of selection bias adjusted smoking\u2010hypospadias OR\u2009=\u20092.02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differential participation could partly explain certain associations observed in NBDPS, but questions remain about why. Potential impacts of other systematic errors (e.g. exposure misclassification) could be informed by additional research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.13026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T04:22:15Z","timestamp":1702700535000},"page":"535-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bias analyses to investigate the impact of differential participation: Application to a birth defects case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-4545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie M.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Surveillance, Research, and Promotion of Perinatal Health Massachusetts Department of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts 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