{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:15:33Z","timestamp":1780373733649,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Black women in the United States (US) have the highest risk of preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) births, compared to women of other racial groups. Among Black women, there are disparities by nativity whereby foreign\u2010born women have a lower risk of PTB and SGA compared to US\u2010born women. Differential exposure to racism may confer nativity\u2010based differences in adverse perinatal outcomes between US\u2010 and foreign\u2010born Black women. This remains unexplored among US\u2010 and African\u2010born women in California.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evaluate the relationship between structural racism, nativity, PTB and SGA among US\u2010 and African\u2010born Black women in California.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a population\u2010based study of singleton births to US\u2010 and African\u2010born Black women in California from 2011 to 2017 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009131,424). We examined the risk of PTB and SGA by nativity and neighbourhoods with differing levels of structural racism, as measured by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes. We fit crude and age\u2010adjusted Poisson regression models, estimated using generalized estimating equations, with risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as the effect measure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proportions of PTB and SGA were 9.7% and 14.5%, respectively, for US\u2010born women, while 5.6% and 8.3% for African\u2010born women. US\u2010born women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924,782; 20.8%) were more likely to live in neighbourhoods with high structural racism compared to African\u2010born women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091474; 11.6%). Structural racism was associated with an elevated risk of PTB (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12, 1.26) and SGA (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.13, 1.25) for all Black women, however, there was heterogeneity by nativity, with US\u2010born women experiencing a higher magnitude of effect than African\u2010born women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among Black women in California, exposure to structural racism and the impacts of structural racism on the risk of PTB and SGA varied by nativity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.13032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:55:22Z","timestamp":1703073322000},"page":"89-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Structural racism, nativity and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among Black women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safyer","family":"McKenzie\u2010Sampson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"UCSF California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Jelliffe\u2010Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"UCSF California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Karasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health Oregon Health &amp; Science University and Portland State University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9517-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne A.","family":"Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of California Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Biostatistics University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"UCSF California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco School of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridgette E.","family":"Blebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA Medical Center University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01191-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1477-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03290-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01149-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01073-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2022.151658"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-018-0272-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102923"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02445-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00634-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-121919-054728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health [Internet].Sacramento CA USA; 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