{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:14:50Z","timestamp":1786713290677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000102","name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sexual minority (SM) individuals (e.g., those with same\u2010sex attractions\/partners or who identify as lesbian\/gay\/bisexual) experience a host of physical and mental health disparities. However, little is known about sexual orientation\u2010related disparities in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP; gestational hypertension [gHTN] and preeclampsia).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate disparities in GDM, gHTN and preeclampsia by sexual orientation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the Nurses' Health Study II\u2014a cohort of nurses across the US enrolled in 1989 at 25\u201342\u2009years of age\u2014restricted to those with pregnancies \u226520\u2009weeks gestation and non\u2010missing sexual orientation data (63,518 participants; 146,079 pregnancies). Our primary outcomes were GDM, gHTN and preeclampsia, which participants reported for each of their pregnancies. Participants also reported their sexual orientation identity and same\u2010sex attractions\/partners. We compared the risk of each outcome in pregnancies among heterosexual participants with no same\u2010sex experience (reference) to those among SM participants overall and within subgroups: (1) heterosexual with same\u2010sex experience, (2) mostly heterosexual, (3) bisexual and (4) lesbian\/gay participants. We used modified Poisson models to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), fit via weighted generalised estimating equations, to account for multiple pregnancies per person over time and informative cluster sizes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of each outcome was \u22645%. Mostly heterosexual participants had a 31% higher risk of gHTN (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03, 1.66), and heterosexual participants with same\u2010sex experience had a 31% higher risk of GDM (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.13, 1.50), compared to heterosexual participants with no same\u2010sex experience. The magnitudes of the risk ratios were high among bisexual participants for gHTN and preeclampsia and among lesbian\/gay participants for gHTN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some SM groups may be disparately burdened by GDM and HDP. Elucidating modifiable mechanisms (e.g., structural barriers, discrimination) for reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes among SM populations is critical.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.13101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T13:25:21Z","timestamp":1719840321000},"page":"545-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sexual orientation disparities in gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4939-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payal","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School &amp; Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. 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