{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:35:23Z","timestamp":1790192123713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017567","name":"Apple","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Associations between early\u2010life menstrual cycle characteristics (MCC) and gestational diabetes (GDM) remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate associations between early\u2010life MCCs and GDM in first pregnancy, across pregnancies and its recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This analysis included participants from a US\u2010based digital cohort enrolled between 11\/2019 and 9\/2023 who provided consent, completed relevant surveys, were without diabetes and aged \u226518 at first pregnancy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930,473). Age at menarche [&lt;11 (early), 11\u201315 (referent), \u226516 (late) years] and time from menarche to cycle regularity [&lt;1 (referent), 1\u20132, 3\u20134, \u22655\u2009years, not yet regular, regular after hormones] were self\u2010recalled at enrolment. Additionally, the last three categories were considered prolonged time\u2010to\u2010regularity (PTTR). GDM history was recalled at enrolment for each pregnancy. We restricted to pregnancies of \u226524\u2009weeks with a live birth. We evaluated associations of early\u2010life MCCs with GDM at first pregnancy using modified Poisson regression, across pregnancies using cluster\u2010weighted Poisson generalised estimating equation and GDM recurrence using multinomial logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, early\u2010life factors and age at pregnancy. Missing variables were imputed with multiple imputation by chained equations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 30,473 participants, 20,591 had eligible first pregnancies, of which 5.9% reported GDM. In 17,512 participants with \u22652 pregnancies, 8.3% had GDM once and 3.7% had recurrent GDM. Early menarche (&lt;11\u2009years, vs. 11\u201315\u2009years) was associated with GDM in first pregnancy (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.15, 1.57), across pregnancies (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10, 1.39) and recurrence (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.21, 1.89). PTTR was associated with GDM in the first pregnancy (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08, 1.38), across pregnancies (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05, 1.27) and recurrence (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.99, 1.43).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Earlier menarche and prolonged time\u2010to\u2010regularity are associated with higher risk of GDM and recurrence, suggesting menstrual characteristics during childhood\/adolescence as potential early\u2010life markers for GDM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.13129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T13:10:17Z","timestamp":1732799417000},"page":"654-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early\u2010life menstrual characteristics and gestational diabetes in a large US cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6068-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna D.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8635-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Marie Z.","family":"Jukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen J.","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Apple Inc.  Cupertino California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5723-800X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Fischer\u2010Colbrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Apple Inc.  Cupertino California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jukka\u2010Pekka","family":"Onnela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russ","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. 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