{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:49:33Z","timestamp":1764996573740,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD040398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD040398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00NR017191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00NR017191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adenomyosis can confer life\u2010altering symptoms such as pelvic pain. Yet, the epidemiologic study of this uterine condition lags other gynaecologic conditions. This includes the investigation of intrauterine exposures that could disrupt foetal development and contribute to the presence of adenomyosis in adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated nine early\u2010life factors and the odds of adenomyosis using data from a population\u2010based case\u2013control study of enrollees of an integrated healthcare system in Washington State ages 18\u201359.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009386) had incident, pathology\u2010confirmed adenomyosis diagnosed between 2001 and 2006. Two control groups were employed: hysterectomy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009233) and randomly selected age\u2010matched enrollees with an intact uterus (\u2018population controls\u2019, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009323). The primary study activity was a structured in\u2010person interview; participants were also mailed a family history questionnaire that included questions on early\u2010life factors. We conducted logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between early\u2010life factors and adenomyosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparing cases to population controls, our data suggested an 80% increased odds of adenomyosis with younger maternal age at participant's birth (\u2264\u200919 vs. ages 25\u201329) (aOR 1.81, 95% CI 0.94, 3.50) and a 50% increased odds of adenomyosis for participants who were the fourth or later live birth (vs. firstborn) (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 0.88, 2.59). Among never\u2010smoking participants, our data suggested a 50% increased odds of adenomyosis with intrauterine exposure to cigarette smoking (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 0.92, 2.46). In analyses using hysterectomy controls, these associations were attenuated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data suggested that several intrauterine exposures were associated with increased odds of adenomyosis in adulthood. The intrauterine period may be a susceptible window for subsequent development of adenomyosis and warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.13165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T14:55:56Z","timestamp":1736261756000},"page":"187-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early\u2010Life Exposures and Odds of Adenomyosis: A Population\u2010Based Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy S.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sawsan","family":"As\u2010Sanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Upson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718920"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1197200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2017.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.82.3.F250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-42-1-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000362414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.09.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-211811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2020.1727011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-219172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103620"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.04.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2755-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470842555.ch15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.1.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174410000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24786"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"The Uterus. 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