{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:45:40Z","timestamp":1755218740041,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA #96043","PA #02081","FOA #DD09\u2010001","FOA #DD13\u2010003","NOFO #DD18\u2010001","NOFO #DD23\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA #96043","PA #02081","FOA #DD09\u2010001","FOA #DD13\u2010003","NOFO #DD18\u2010001","NOFO #DD23\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>People who recently gave birth are strongly advised to wait 6\u2009months before attempting pregnancy. Interpregnancy intervals (IPI<\/jats:styled-content>) of \u2265\u200918\u2009months are considered optimal. Current guidance is not tailored based on maternal characteristics (e.g., age).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>We evaluated whether maternal age modifies IPI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013preterm birth (PTB<\/jats:styled-content>) associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>From a US retrospective cohort of multiparae (1997\u20132011), we categorised IPI<\/jats:styled-content>: <\u20096, 6\u201311, 12\u201317, 18\u201323 (reference), 24\u201359 or \u2265\u200960\u2009months. PTB<\/jats:styled-content> occurred before 37 0\/7\u2009weeks' gestation. We estimated risk ratios (RR<\/jats:styled-content>) between IPI<\/jats:styled-content> and PTB<\/jats:styled-content> using modified Poisson regression, adjusted for potential confounders and stratified by age at prior delivery: <\u200925 (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092484), 25\u201329 (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091626) or \u2265\u200930 (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091209) years. We conducted quantitative bias analysis to adjust for volunteer bias and dependent misclassification between IPI<\/jats:styled-content> and gestational length (since both are calculated using the estimated start of pregnancy). We computed E\u2010values when RR<\/jats:styled-content> lower bounds of the 95% simulation intervals were >\u20091.00.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Estimates were imprecise due to small numbers. However, in terms of general patterns, PTB<\/jats:styled-content> risk was highest with <\u20096\u2009months IPI<\/jats:styled-content> in all age groups (covariate\u2010adjusted RR<\/jats:styled-content> point estimates \u2265\u20091.30). The strongest associations were observed among 25\u201329\u2009years. For \u2265\u200930\u2009years, PTB<\/jats:styled-content> risk was lowest with 6\u201317\u2009months IPI<\/jats:styled-content>. After multiple bias adjustments, estimates tended to move downward, but similar patterns remained. For 25\u201329\u2009years, the lower bound of the 95% simulation interval for <\u20096 versus 18\u201323\u2009months IPI<\/jats:styled-content> was >\u20091.00, with an E\u2010value of 3.82, suggesting unmeasured confounding would need to be very strong to explain the association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Estimates were imprecise. However, our study adds to growing evidence that IPI<\/jats:styled-content> associations may be weaker among older individuals. Older individuals with shorter IPI<\/jats:styled-content> may have lower PTB<\/jats:styled-content> risk than those with currently recommended IPI<\/jats:styled-content>, but more research is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:15:12Z","timestamp":1745986512000},"page":"465-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal Age Differences in Interpregnancy Interval and Preterm Birth Associations Accounting for Multiple Epidemiologic Biases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-4545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie M.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Family Health Data and Analytics Massachusetts Department of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7415-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahsa M.","family":"Yazdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Family Health Data and Analytics Massachusetts Department of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Darling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Family Health Data and Analytics Massachusetts Department of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha M.","family":"Werler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.05.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12518"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.15.1809"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12503"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.11.1098"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00728-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.4696"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mean Age of Mothers Is on the Rise: United States, 2000\u20132014","volume":"2","author":"Mathews T. 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