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To make clinically relevant conclusions, studies should include populations who receive treatment specifically for female\u2010factor infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the association between ovulation\u2010inducing medications and assisted reproductive technology (ART) and ASD. We conducted analyses in a subsample reporting female\u2010factor infertility to reduce confounding by indication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED), a 2007\u20132020\u2009U.S. population\u2010based case\u2013control study. Children 2.5\u20135\u2009years old with and without ASD were classified using in\u2010person assessments. We identified fertility treatment via interview and included ovulation\u2010inducing medications, ART, and a combination of both. The subsample included those who were told it would be difficult to conceive and\/or who attempted to conceive for &gt;\u200912\u2009months. We estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the whole sample and the subsample using logistic regression models adjusted for age, education, parity, pre\u2010pregnancy body mass index, pregnancy history, smoking status, pre\u2010existing hypertension, and other hormonal fertility treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 5210 participants in the whole sample and 1091 in the subsample. There was no association between ovulation\u2010inducing medications and ASD in the full sample (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77, 1.39) and the subsample (aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.61, 1.2). There was an increased likelihood of ASD for ART and a combination of treatments in the whole sample (ART: aOR 1.33, 95% CI 0.70, 2.52; combination: aOR 1.39, 95% CI 0.95, 2.03) compared to the subsample (ART: aOR 1.16, 95% CI 0.57, 2.36; combination: aOR 1.08, 95% CI 0.69, 1.68).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our data, fertility treatment was not associated with ASD. Additional research should restrict analyses to populations with similar indications to untangle whether observed associations are due to treatment or factors related to\u00a0uptake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T12:55:36Z","timestamp":1764248136000},"page":"83-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fertility Treatment, Female\u2010Factor Infertility, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Study to Explore Early Development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7914-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Delahanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9302-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mollie","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dani","family":"Fallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Ladd\u2010Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010031816\u2010044318"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36255\/exonpublications.autismspectrumdisorders.2021.etiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264\u2010017\u20100100\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network \u201cNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010017\u20103283\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12941"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Health DoR \u201cInfertility FAQs. 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