{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T14:10:53Z","timestamp":1779977453174,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major congenital malformations (MCM) affect 2%\u20136% of pregnancies globally. Identifying MCM using real\u2010world data is essential, but various definitions exist with differing performances and case ascertainment criteria, limiting collaborations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare published definitions and algorithms to identify MCM using data from the Qu\u00e9bec Pregnancy Cohort (QPC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a comparative study of 10 algorithms for identifying MCM using QPC, a pre\u2010established population\u2010based cohort of pregnancies covered by Qu\u00e9bec's public drug insurance plan between 1998 and 2015. We included infants from singleton pregnancies (live or stillbirth) who met the minimum postnatal follow\u2010up duration required by the applied algorithm. Infants were excluded if they had an isolated major chromosomal congenital malformation or a gestational age\u2009\u2264\u200920\u2009weeks. Algorithms varied by time window of detection (28\u2009days, 6\u2009months, 1\u2009year), data source considered (inpatient, outpatient), diagnostic codes (ICD\u20109, ICD\u201010) and procedural codes requirements. The prevalence of global MCM and organ\u2010specific malformation was calculated and compared to North American prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 233,338 infants meeting inclusion criteria, global MCM prevalence ranged from 2.9% to 9.0%. Across all algorithms, the most prevalent malformations were musculoskeletal and circulatory anomalies, with prevalence ranging from 0.9% to 3.3% and from 0.4% to 2.4%, respectively. Using \u2265\u20091 diagnostic code in the first year of life overestimated the prevalence, whereas using \u2265\u20091 inpatient or \u2265\u20092 outpatient codes for the same organ system on different days yielded a prevalence of 5.0%, which is close to what is expected compared to international prevalences. Considering this algorithm appears well\u2010suited to the QPC setting, where inpatient diagnostic codes have been shown to be more reliable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Algorithm choice substantially impacts MCM prevalence estimates. Transparent definitions enhance reproducibility and cross\u2010study comparability in pharmacoepidemiologic research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:21:22Z","timestamp":1773717682000},"page":"477-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Major Congenital Malformation Algorithms on Their Prevalence in Large Population\u2010Based Mother\u2013Child Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0999-3272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabra","family":"Nohmie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medications and Pregnancy Unit of the CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Azrieli Research Center  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Montr\u00e9al  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7414-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younes","family":"Bousbaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Paris Saclay  Paris France"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Tours  Tours France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6784-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odile","family":"Sheehy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medications and Pregnancy Unit of the CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Azrieli Research Center  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Montr\u00e9al  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-5517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anick","family":"B\u00e9rard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medications and Pregnancy Unit of the CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Azrieli Research Center  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Montr\u00e9al  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20100528.2009.02377.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)00767\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Canada PHAo \u201cCongenital Anomalies in Canada 2013: A Perinatal Health Surveillance Report [En ligne] \u201d(2013) Rapport no: 130044."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S278596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264\u2010022\u201001261\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1403702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb\u20102007\u20108\u20104\u2010r47"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet\u20102021\u2010107809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1558"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010021\u201004270\u2010x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"e360","article-title":"Validity of Perinatal Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies Using Data From the RAMQ Administrative Database","volume":"16","author":"Berard A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Information CIfH \u201cCanadian Classification of Health Interventions \u201d(2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Statistics C \u201cClassification Canadienne des actes diagnostiques th\u00e9rapeutiques et chirurgicaux \u201d(1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102393\u201012\u2010165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995\u2010016\u20102147\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000251"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101s2153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"European Commission \u201cEuropean Platform on Rare Disease Registration [En ligne] \u201d(2025) https:\/\/eu\u2010rd\u2010platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/eurocat\/eurocat\u2010data\/prevalence_en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Canada Go \u201cCongenital Anomalies in Canada [En ligne] \u201d(2025) https:\/\/health\u2010infobase.canada.ca\/congenital\u2010anomalies\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"ICBDSR \u201cReport [En ligne]: International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects: Surveillance and Research \u201d(2024)https:\/\/ldbotto.github.io\/test_icbd\/conditions\/index_conditions.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/15748863112079990011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2301"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3446"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23206"}],"container-title":["Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.70129","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ppe.70129","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppe.70129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:56:06Z","timestamp":1779976566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppe.70129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppe.70129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.70129","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-5022","1365-3016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-5022","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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