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Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJRS24K2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJRS24K2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Perinatal Epid"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although mental capital is increasingly recognised as a foundation for children's later well\u2010being, its perinatal determinants remain unclear because traditional classifications such as preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA) capture only partial and overlapping aspects of vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the integrated small vulnerable newborn (SVN) framework with mutually exclusive categories, we aimed to assess associations between SVN categories and mental capital at ages 6\u20137\u2009years by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analysed data from six waves of the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A\u2010CHILD) study, a population\u2010based repeated cross\u2010sectional survey of first\u2010grade students in Adachi City, Tokyo, conducted between 2015 and 2024 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920,928). Caregivers provided gestational week and birthweight from the Maternal and Child Health Handbook, and children were classified into SVN categories (term non\u2010SGA, term SGA, preterm non\u2010SGA, preterm SGA). Mental capital, including behavioural problems, prosocial behaviour, and resilience, was assessed using the parent\u2010reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and Children's Resilience and Coping Scale. Multivariable regression models were fitted, stratified by biological sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 20,928 children, 3402 (16.3%) were term SGA, 1093 (5.2%) were preterm non\u2010SGA, and 227 (1.1%) were preterm SGA. Compared with term non\u2010SGA, term SGA was associated with higher total difficulties scores among girls (standardised\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05, 0.17) but not among boys (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.03, 95% CI \u20130.03, 0.09). Term SGA girls also showed lower resilience (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u22120.07, 95% CI \u20130.12, \u22120.01). In contrast, preterm non\u2010SGA boys had higher total difficulties scores (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.13, 95% CI 0.04, 0.21). There was no evidence that any SVN category was associated with prosocial behaviour in either sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Term SGA tended to be associated with behavioural problems and lower resilience among girls, whereas preterm non\u2010SGA tended to be associated with behavioural problems among boys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:55:17Z","timestamp":1792806917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex\u2010Specific Associations of Small, Vulnerable Newborns With Mental Capital in Early School\u2010Aged Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhei","family":"Terada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Center for Well\u2010Being Research Advancement, Institute of Future Science Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3707-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Isumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1074-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Center for Well\u2010Being Research Advancement, Institute of Future Science Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/4551057a","article-title":"The Mental Wealth of Nations","volume":"455","author":"Beddington J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128898","article-title":"Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children","volume":"312","author":"Heckman J. 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