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Both ET and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S promoted heat stress tolerance more conspicuously in the presence of S, restoring the balance between carbon assimilation and utilization. The enhanced photosynthesis in ET and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S\u2010treated plants under heat stress was linked with increased relative expression of Rubisco subunits <jats:italic>rbcS and rbcL<\/jats:italic> and carbohydrate metabolizing, including <jats:italic>Sucrose Synthase 2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SuSy2<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Sucrose transport 1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SUT1<\/jats:italic>). Notably, the H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S application showed the highest increase of 2.3, 3.2, 3.0, and 2.4\u2010fold expression of the <jats:italic>rbcS<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rbcL, SuSy2,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SUT1<\/jats:italic>, respectively, compared to the heat stress alone. The application of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S with S more prominently increased starch content, total soluble sugar, and soluble invertase activity by 59.3%, 35.7%, and 25.9%, and also activity of soluble starch synthase and granule\u2010bound starch synthase by 47.2% and 32.8%, respectively, compared to heat\u2010stressed plants. The treatment (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S plus S) elevated cysteine and GSH content and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes to maintain cellular redox potential under heat stress. These observed tolerance responses were less pronounced in plants treated with hypotaurine (HT; H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S scavenger) than those treated with norbornadiene (NBD; ET inhibitor), underscoring the superior role of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S over ET in mitigating heat stress. The present study's findings explain that H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S is crucial for the ET\u2010mediated response in augmenting photosynthesis and heat stress tolerance in rice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T08:44:12Z","timestamp":1734165852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hydrogen sulfide and ethylene regulate photosynthesis, sugar metabolism, and tolerance to heat stress in the presence of sulfur in rice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Ameena Fatima","family":"Alvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University  Aligarh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheen","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University  Aligarh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7957-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafees A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University  Aligarh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(85)13073-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.545453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.15.00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-018-9858-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-021-01062-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119552154.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sss105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5295\/ac6e7d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/32.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11172211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2014.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1040627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2018.1477905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/297519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","article-title":"Proteomics of heat\u2010stress and ethylene\u2010mediated thermotolerance mechanisms in tomato pollen grains","volume":"871","author":"Jegadeesan S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers Plant Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39702"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KaurN SharmaI KiratK PatiPK(2016)Detection of reactive oxygen species inOryza sativa L. 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