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There remains a notable knowledge gap regarding the ecological effects of altered precipitation on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants and their interactions with other photosynthetic types. This study investigated the response of the typical obligate CAM plant\n                    <jats:italic>Orostachys fimbriata<\/jats:italic>\n                    to extended watering intervals (WI4\u2010WI8) and various competitive patterns (M\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010M\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) with the C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    grass\n                    <jats:italic>Melilotus officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    grass\n                    <jats:italic>Setaria viridis<\/jats:italic>\n                    through greenhouse experiments. The results showed that: (1) In species mixtures, CAM plants had slightly reduced the total biomass (TB) compared to monocultures, yet maintained competitiveness by increasing the root\u2010to\u2010shoot biomass (R:S) ratio, stabilizing plant height, and sustaining their photosynthetic rates. (2) As watering intervals increased, CAM plants adapted by further elevating the R:S ratio, reducing height, and decreasing aboveground biomass. However, their height, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    assimilation rate, and above\u2010 and below\u2010ground biomass were significantly suppressed, particularly when coexisting with C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    plants. More extreme watering regime caused a 47.6% decrease in TB of CAM plants in M\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , while C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    grasses declined by 53.2% and 37.8%, respectively. (3) Given the predicted extension of drought intervals and the intensification of individual rainfall events under future climate conditions, the competitive pressure from C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    plants with high drought tolerance and resource acquisition advantages may limit the expansion potential of CAM plants in drylands. This study enhances the understanding of adaptive mechanisms of CAM plants competing and coexisting with grasses under variable environments, providing scientific bases for predicting arid ecosystem dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T03:42:34Z","timestamp":1738122154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Response of an obligate\n                    <scp>CAM<\/scp>\n                    plant to competition and increased watering intervals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Sci\u2010Tech University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenglin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7088-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00203.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1635"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.1.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.893095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.010818"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.2000.00588.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-0867-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcad135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/262574b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1116-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-020-04624-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-019-04216-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3275"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Summary for policymakers. climate change 2023: synthesis report. 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