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Ethylene is known to induce stomatal closure, with the hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\u2010nitric oxide (NO) signalling module being pivotal to this process. However, the specific roles of CPKs in this process and their interactions with H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO remain unclear. In this study, we screened Arabidopsis mutants of nine CPKs and found that in the loss\u2010of\u2010function mutants for\n                    <jats:italic>CPK3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CPK4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CPK6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CPK11<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CPK21<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>CPK33<\/jats:italic>\n                    , exogenous ethylene failed to induce stomatal closure, indicating that these CPKs act as positive regulators in ethylene\u2010induced stomatal closure. Mutants' stomatal responses to H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO treatment and changes of endogenous H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO levels in guard cells upon ethylene treatment indicated that CPK3, CPK4, CPK11, and CPK33 function upstream of the H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010NO module, while CPK6 and CPK21 act downstream. Furthermore, NADPH oxidases play critical roles in ethylene\u2010induced H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    production. We identified the interactions of CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11 with AtRBOHF, and CPK4 and CPK11 with AtRBOHD using four different assays, and exogenous ethylene enhanced these interactions. These results suggest that CPK3, CPK4, and CPK11 may mediate ethylene\u2010induced H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    formation in guard cells through their interactions with AtRBOHD\/F. Additionally, exogenous ethylene significantly upregulates the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>CPK3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CPK4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CPK6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CPK11<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CPK21<\/jats:italic>\n                    , providing a potential mechanism by which ethylene modulates CPKs. Our findings not only establish the role of CPKs in ethylene guard cell signalling but also offer insights into the mechanism by which ethylene activates NADPH oxidases to initiate H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T05:15:31Z","timestamp":1743743731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Roles of\n                    <scp>CPKs<\/scp>\n                    in ethylene\u2010induced Arabidopsis stomatal closure and their crosstalk with\n                    <scp>\n                      H\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                      O\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>NO<\/scp>\n                    signalling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2810-0252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyan","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5423.2148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.110.076588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"482","article-title":"ALA inhibits ABA\u2010induced stomatal closure via reducing H2O2 and Ca2+ levels in guard cells","volume":"7","author":"An Y.Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant 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