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We studied a tropical forest site in the Western Ghats, India, and characterised seasonal differences in photosynthetic CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    assimilation rates (\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>net<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) among nine tree species with contrasting leaf habit and topographic affinities: deciduous species in dry hilltops, dry\u2010affinity evergreens on slopes and wet\u2010affinity evergreens in valleys. Surface soil moisture was lowest in hilltops, intermediate on slopes and highest in valleys, with higher levels during the wet period compared to the dry period. As expected, deciduous species on dry hilltops showed higher photosynthetic rates at the thermal optimum (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>opt<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) during the wet period, while evergreen species showed no overall seasonal differences. Interestingly, evergreen species with a dry affinity on hill slopes showed higher\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>net<\/jats:sub>\n                    at the thermal optimum during the dry period compared to the wet period, despite lower soil moisture. This suggests that these species either have sufficient water availability during the dry period or possess a warmer thermal niche preference\/adaptation. Across species, stomatal conductance (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) at\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>opt<\/jats:sub>\n                    was generally higher during the wet period, except for one evergreen species. Our findings illustrate seasonal differences in photosynthesis among tropical tree species across different leaf habits and topographic affinities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T07:34:53Z","timestamp":1752478493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contrasting Seasonal Variation of Photosynthesis in Evergreen and Deciduous Tree Species From a Tropical Forest"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2191-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography University of Leeds  Leeds West Yorkshire UK"},{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala Universitet  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Sahyadri Ecological Observatory  Sirsi Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balachandra","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sahyadri Ecological Observatory  Sirsi Karnataka India"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science Kuvempu University  Shivamogga Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrihari","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sahyadri Ecological Observatory  Sirsi Karnataka India"},{"name":"Mangalore University  Mangaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peddiraju","family":"Bandaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research  Pune Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ramesh Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Media Bangalore University  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. G.","family":"Somashekhara Achar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany IDSG Government College  Chikkamagaluru Karnataka India"},{"name":"Panchavati Research Academy for Nature  Shivamogga Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Greiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Muscarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala Universitet  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research  Pune Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Galbraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography University of Leeds  Leeds West Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Gloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography University of Leeds  Leeds West Yorkshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ijecc\/2023\/v13i81984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81334-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167886"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpz060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcl001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1355-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac3aa3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018MS001565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1482.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v68i3.39277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17951"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-002-1034-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467423000184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/19.10.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32615\/ps.2024.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.668512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20211245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"Leaf Water Potential of Tropical Forest Tree Species","author":"Gloor E.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2403497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb7232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.106840"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Changes in Leaf Properties Across an Elevation Gradient in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico","volume":"54","author":"Harris N. 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