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Recent speed breeding methodologies have reduced generation times in both short\u2010 and long\u2010day species by optimizing environmental conditions. However, protocols for short\u2010day plants impose a constant short\u2010day photoperiod throughout the entire life cycle, even though plants could benefit from extended light exposure. Here, we report a speed breeding scheme for soybean (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Glycine max<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) based on a long\u2010day photoperiod of 22\u2009h (LD\u201022\u2009h) applied upon flowering initiation (stage R1) using light\u2010emitting diodes (LEDs) with a cool white (6000\u2009K) and red light (660\u2009nm) spectrum at 550\u2009\u03bcmol\/(m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    s) photosynthetic photon flux at canopy level. We also outline an immature seed germination technique for early harvested green seeds collected from speed\u2010breeding plants that markedly increased the germination rate. Combining these methods allowed our soybean speed breeding system to acquire a 92% germination rate from 58\u2010day\u2010old seeds, enabling six generations y\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    compared to typically only 1\u20133 using standard approaches. The impact of long photoperiods on soybean leaf and pod photochemical efficiency was examined. Although photosynthetic capacity (\n                    <jats:italic>Vc<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was significantly lower in leaves grown under LD\u201022\u2009h photoperiod, seed production was unaffected, while PSII operating efficiency (\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>\u2032\/F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>\u2032)<\/jats:italic>\n                    in pods was markedly higher under LD\u201022\u2009h compared to the SD\u201010\u2009h photoperiod. Implementing our post\u2010flowering long photoperiod conditions followed by an enhanced germination technique could facilitate rapid breeding for soybeans and be adapted for use with other photoperiod\u2010sensitive short\u2010day crops.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T11:38:32Z","timestamp":1757677112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Speed Breeding of Soybean by Using 22\u2009h Photoperiod Increases Photochemical Efficiency of Pods and Produces\u00a0Six Generations Per Year"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seher Bahar","family":"Aciksoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM)  Turkey"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Essex  Colchester UK"},{"name":"School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences Nottingham Trent University  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shellie","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Essex  Colchester UK"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology Institute\u00a0for Genomic Biology  Urbana IL US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart James","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM)  Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Atilla","family":"Yaz\u0131c\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Essex  Colchester UK"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology Institute\u00a0for Genomic Biology  Urbana IL US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-018-0302-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03771.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0367-2530-00080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00402983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:19940209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.80.3.711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11183-005-0066-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.2.611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.138.3.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-013-0024-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.1996.9513932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.717077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-70332022v22n1a06"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0072-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/csc2.20327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-020-00650-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02681.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-020-03601-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.1998.1030309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1983.tb05742.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2011.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9787\/PBB.2023.11.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/51.345.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2010.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042110-103857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbr.12868"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","volume-title":"Growth 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