{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1787016019140,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007741","name":"University of Hyderabad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiologia Plantarum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Stomata play a crucial role in controlling the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration. Both stomatal opening and closure depend on intricate mechanisms involving several signaling components. The rise in nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytosolic pH is necessary for inducing stomatal closure. However, the role of NO and ROS during stomatal opening has not been critically studied. Fusicoccin (FC) and butyric acid (BA) are known to induce guard cell cytosolic acidification and stomatal opening. We conducted a comprehensive study on NO and ROS patterns during stomatal opening induced by FC or BA. Both FC and BA suppressed NO and ROS levels of the guard cells as indicated by specific fluorescent dyes. The external addition of GSNO (natural NO\u2010generator) or H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (source of ROS) significantly suppressed FC\u2010 or BA\u2010induced stomatal opening, confirming the requirement of low NO and ROS levels for stomatal opening. In addition, FC and BA lowered the guard cell pH as indicated by the fluorescent indicator, BCECF\u2010AM. The ability of vanadate (PM\u2010ATPase inhibitor) to restrict FC\u2010 or BA\u2010induced opening suggested the importance of PM\u2010ATPase\u2010mediated cytosolic acidification, followed by suppression of NO and ROS levels in guard cells during stomatal opening. Further, RT\u2010PCR analysis confirmed the upregulation of PM\u2010ATPase by FC or BA. We propose that the guard cell acidification by FC or BA, due to PM\u2010ATPase, caused the suppression of NO and ROS levels in guard cells and facilitated stomatal opening.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T11:01:16Z","timestamp":1760007676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Low Levels of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in Guard Cells Are Required for Stomatal Opening by\u00a0Fusicoccin or Butyrate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Pulimamidi","family":"Bharath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad  Hyderabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashibhushan","family":"Gahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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