{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:58:11Z","timestamp":1791961091266,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiologia Plantarum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Overuse of pesticides often poses a severe threat to agricultural productivity. In\u00a0vitro experiments were conducted to assess the effect of different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, and 100\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) of chlorpyrifos (CP) and imidacloprid (IMD) on germination, physiology, and cellular properties of lettuce (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lactuca sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). The 100\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    dose greatly reduced germination attributes, length, and seedling survival. At 100\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , CP and IMD decreased seed germination (80% and 60%), vigor indices (76.7% and 65.3%), survival (79.5% and 65.5%), and tolerance indices (83.3% and 62.5%) as compared to control. Insecticide\u2010exposed roots showed cracks\/fractures, disintegration, and distortion over control roots, thus exhibiting the toxic potential of insecticides. Elevated CP and IMD concentrations led to increased oxidative stress and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lettuce seedlings. When subjected to 100\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    of CP and IMD, seedlings exhibited a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) increase in levels of hydrogen peroxide (70.2% and 56.8%), superoxide radicals (88.9% and 70.5%), electrolyte leakage (87.9% and 66.4%), and malondialdehyde (94.5% and 61.4%). Furthermore, insecticide dose\u2010dependent declines in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and respiration efficiency (RE) were observed in seedlings. Antioxidant enzymes' activity in lettuce was modulated by exogenous insecticide treatments. Secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities were altered in lettuce under insecticide stress. Both insecticides imparted phytotoxic effects that highlight the importance of their optimal utilization in soil\u2013plant systems and their careful monitoring in soils. There is an urgent need to develop slow\u2010release and target\u2010specific pesticide formulations that ensure effective crop protection while safeguarding soil health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T10:31:56Z","timestamp":1762165916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid Phytotoxicity Triggers Oxidative Stress and Hinders Lettuce Growth, Cellular, and\u00a0Metabolic Functions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science Marwadi University  Rajkot Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1973.0011183X001300060013x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Aebi H.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1269581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23062970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344\u2010021\u201010512\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010016\u20107309\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Benzie I. 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