{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:06:55Z","timestamp":1792087615767,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiologia Plantarum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Investigating the biochemical defense mechanisms of grapevines against heavy metal contamination is essential for developing sustainable viticulture practices in polluted environments. However, comprehensive knowledge about how bioactive compound supplementation modulates secondary metabolite profiles under cadmium stress remains limited. We investigated phenolic compound accumulation, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and amino acid dynamics in three\u2010year\u2010old\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Vitis vinifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L. cv. \u00d6k\u00fczg\u00f6z\u00fc plants subjected to graduated cadmium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20\u2009ppm) with and without Alkannin treatment (25\u2009\u03bcM), followed by detailed metabolomic profiling. Cadmium concentration and Alkannin application significantly influenced all measured metabolite classes (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with notable interaction effects observed for ferulic acid, quercetin, and myricetin among phenolics, and delphinidin\u20103\u2010glucoside, cyanidin\u20103\u2010glucoside, and petunidin\u20103\u2010glucoside among anthocyanins. Alkannin\u2010supplemented plants consistently demonstrated superior metabolic resilience under low to moderate cadmium stress, maintaining higher phenolic compound concentrations and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation, particularly acylated derivatives such as peonidin\u20103\u2010glucoside acetyl and malvidin\u20103\u2010glucoside\u2010p\u2010coumaroyl compared to untreated plants. Recovery of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was most pronounced at moderate stress levels, with Alkannin\u2010treated vines showing better restoration of antioxidant compound levels and enhanced amino acid profiles including asparagine, serine, and arginine. Metabolic profiling revealed distinct clustering patterns, with Alkannin\u2010treated plants forming separate groups characterized by elevated phenolic and anthocyanin concentrations, while severely cadmium\u2010stressed plants showed reduced metabolite accumulation indicative of metabolic disruption. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong positive relationships among phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, confirming coordinated biosynthetic pathway responses. We conclude that Alkannin application significantly enhances grapevine resilience to cadmium toxicity in a concentration\u2010dependent manner through comprehensive protection of secondary metabolite pathways, particularly demonstrating high efficiency under low to moderate Cd stress levels. The differential metabolic responses between treated and untreated plants provide valuable information for bioactive compound\u2010based mitigation strategies, while the quantitative metabolite profiles offer valuable parameters for assessing vine health and fruit quality potential under heavy metal contamination scenarios.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T03:50:12Z","timestamp":1764129012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alkannin\u2010Mediated Enhancement of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis and Antioxidant Defense in Cadmium\u2010Stressed\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Vitis vinifera<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    L. cv. \u00d6k\u00fczg\u00f6z\u00fc"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Hava","family":"Delavar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences North Dakota State University  Fargo North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selda","family":"Daler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Kocaeli University  Kocaeli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinem","family":"Karakus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c7\u00f6lemerik Vocational School Hakkari University  Hakkari T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozkan","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences 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