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Here, wild type plants (W1, W2), a lip\u2010like sepal mutant (MS), a lip\u2010like petal mutant (MP), and a peloric flower mutant (ML) of\n                    <jats:italic>Cymbidium ensifolium<\/jats:italic>\n                    were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying labellum formation. Morphological and cytological analyses revealed that MS sepals and MP petals acquired labellum\u2010like traits (folded structures, conical papillae), whereas ML labella adopted petal\u2010like features (flat epidermal cells). Transcriptome analysis identified seven key B\u2010 and E\u2010class MADS\u2010box genes (including\n                    <jats:italic>DEF<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\/\n                    <jats:italic>AP3\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SEP\u2010,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>AGL6\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    like genes) potentially involved in labellum development. Subsequent qRT\u2010PCR profiling showed that gene expression dynamics closely reflect organ fate. Expression of\n                    <jats:italic>CeAP3\u20103<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CeAP3\u20104<\/jats:italic>\n                    correlated with the establishment of inner perianth identity (petal\/labellum), while\n                    <jats:italic>CeAGL6\u20102<\/jats:italic>\n                    activation was specifically associated with labellum specification. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>CeAGL6\u20102<\/jats:italic>\n                    was ectopically expressed in lip\u2010like organs of MS and MP, but absent in the petaloid labellum of ML. Conversely, expression patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>CeAP3\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CeAGL6\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    suggested roles in promoting sepal\/petal or non\u2010labellum perianth fates. Protein interaction assays (Y2H, BiFC) demonstrated that CeAP3\u20103 interacted strongly with CeAGL6\u20102 and CeSEP2, while CeAP3\u20104 interacted with CeSEP2. Integrating these results, we propose a model in which heteromeric complexes formed by CeAP3\u20103, CeAGL6\u20102, and CeSEP2 are central to specifying labellum identity in\n                    <jats:italic>C. ensifolium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, these findings highlight the cooperative role of B\u2010 and E\u2010class transcription factors in labellum specification through dynamic expression shifts and protein interaction networks, thereby enriching our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving orchid labellum formation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T09:15:47Z","timestamp":1767345347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["B\u2010 and E\u2010Class\n                    <scp>MADS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Box Transcription Factors Regulate the Formation of the Labellum in\n                    <i>Cymbidium ensifolium<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Longwei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Innovation and Application Engineering Technology Research Center of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources in Fujian Province, College of Landscape Architecture and Art Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Innovation and Application Engineering Technology Research Center of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources in Fujian Province, College of Landscape Architecture and Art Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Innovation and Application Engineering Technology Research Center of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources in Fujian Province, College of Landscape Architecture and Art Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian 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in Fujian Province, College of Landscape Architecture and Art Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siren","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Innovation and Application Engineering Technology Research Center of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources in Fujian Province, College of Landscape Architecture and Art Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University  Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Innovation and Application Engineering Technology 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