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It is primarily recognized for its ability to strengthen spleen and stomach functions and modulate gastrointestinal activity. In this study, the molecular mechanisms governing sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. macrocephala<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    were investigated through an integrated sequencing strategy combining next\u2010generation sequencing (NGS) and single\u2010molecule real\u2010time (SMRT) sequencing. Transcriptomic analysis identified 17,846 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in rhizomes from three geographical origins, including 5196 upregulated and 12,650 downregulated genes. Nine full\u2010length terpene synthase (TPS) genes were successfully retrieved. Comprehensive functional characterization of these\n                    <jats:italic>AmTPS<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes was performed using amino acid sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic reconstruction, quantitative real\u2010time PCR (qRT\u2010PCR), and heterologous expression assays.\n                    <jats:italic>AmTPS8<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>AmTPS9<\/jats:italic>\n                    were assigned to the TPS\u2010a subfamily. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>AmTPS8<\/jats:italic>\n                    displayed the highest transcript abundance in samples from the Yuexi region, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>AmTPS9<\/jats:italic>\n                    was most highly expressed in rhizomes from the Bozhou region. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>AmTPS8<\/jats:italic>\n                    catalyzes the formation of bulnesol, while\n                    <jats:italic>AmTPS9<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibits juniper camphor synthase activity. Overall, this study provides important insights into terpenoid biosynthesis in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. macrocephala<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and establishes a molecular basis for future research aimed at enhancing sesquiterpenoid production and elucidating regulatory mechanisms within this medicinally important species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:54:33Z","timestamp":1768478073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Full\u2010Length Transcriptome Analysis of Different Origins and Functional Characterization of Terpene Synthase in\n                    <i>Atractylodes macrocephala<\/i>\n                    Koidz"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Yaqian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui of IHM Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui of IHM Bozhou Vocational and Technical College  Bozhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui of IHM Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangru","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyu","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Bozhou University  Bozhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangping","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui of IHM Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"},{"name":"MOE\u2010Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"},{"name":"Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM Anhui University of Chinese Medicine  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Bioedit: An Important Software for Molecular Biology","volume":"2","author":"Alzohairy A. 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