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However, due to habitat variation across the planet, there is still a scarcity of information on microalgae development in extreme environments, such as those with low temperatures. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of growth stage and cold stress (5\u00b0C) on cell wall features, including ultrastructure, and main polysaccharides in three microalgal species from Northern Sweden:\n                    <jats:italic>Coelastrella<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. 3\u20134,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    sp. 13\u20131, and\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. B2\u20102. All microalgal strains grown at 25\u00b0C showed increased cell wall thickness between the exponential and stationary phases by around 45%, with\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    showing an increase of up to 230%. Under cold stress, the cell wall thickness between the exponential and stationary phases had the greatest increase of 68% in\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, both\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    sp. 13\u20131 and\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. B2\u20102 showed that cold stress stimulated the formation of a thicker cell wall during exponential growth compared to control growth conditions. The layer configuration showed a differentiation, with\n                    <jats:italic>Chlorella<\/jats:italic>\n                    presenting a bilayer cell wall and the cell walls of\n                    <jats:italic>Coelastrella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    being mainly composed of several layers distinguishable by transmission electron microscopy. Cold stress altered the microalgal cell wall ultrastructure and morphology. Glycosyl\u2010linkage analysis did not show a change in the composition of the main cell wall polysaccharides under cold stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:21:27Z","timestamp":1780618887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microalgal Cell Wall Dynamics at Different Growth Stages Under Cold Stress Conditions: A Study of Ultrastructure and Chemical Composition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Hourcade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Bioeconomy and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco G.","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Bioeconomy and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Bioeconomy and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02928041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00135-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(92)90048-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1055-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118917152.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1964.tb06669.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz183"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"562","article-title":"Advances in Microalgal Cell Wall Polysaccharides: A Review Focused on Structure, Production, and Biological Application","volume":"42","author":"Colusse G. 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