{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:16:31Z","timestamp":1789600591944,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS\u20102414183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS\u20102414183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS\u20102110017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS\u20102110017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS\u20102343815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS\u20102343815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiologia Plantarum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The accelerated pace of climate change, soil degradation, environmental pollution, and pathogen outbreaks subjects trees and crops growing in different parts of the world to multiple abiotic\/biotic stress conditions, simultaneously or sequentially. Unfortunately, most studies conducted to date, including studies of two\u2010stress combinations, do not mimic the complex multifactorial stress combination (MFSC) environment plants experience in nature. Here, we summarize evidence from recent MFSC studies of three or more stresses simultaneously impacting plants, and argue that environmental complexity, i.e., a high number of interacting stress factors, functions as a system\u2010level variable shaping plant performance. Across different model and crop plants, the progressive increase in stress complexity results in non\u2010additive effects that cause marked declines in growth, photosynthetic rates and yield, even when the level of each individual stress involved in such MFSC remains moderate. Multi\u2010omics analyses reveal that MFSC does not simply induce stress\u2010response pathways but redistributes regulatory control within hormonal networks, most prominently within abscisic acid signaling, accompanied by reduced physiological performance and repression of photosynthesis\u2010related genes. These responses scale nonlinearly with increasing complexity and are consistent with threshold\u2010like shifts in regulatory function, rather than simple additive effects. We further present a complexity\u2010driven regulatory model in which rising combinatorial load progressively narrows regulatory flexibility and promotes survival\u2010oriented strategies over plant growth. Finally, we discuss how recognizing stress complexity as an organizing variable could reshape breeding priorities and predictive crop modeling under increasingly complex environmental scenarios.\n                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ppl70983-gra-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"image\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T06:01:28Z","timestamp":1785996088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Northern Light Reviews \u2013 Rethinking Plant Stress Biology in a Multifactorial World"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia S.","family":"Pascual","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences University Jaume I  Castell\u00f3 de la Plana Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Nutrition Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura (CEBAS) \u2013 CSIC  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1256-9371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara I.","family":"Zandalinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences University Jaume I  Castell\u00f3 de la Plana Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3192-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Mittler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Plant Sciences Technology, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Advanced Agriculture Initiative Tel\u2010Hai University of Kiryat Shamona and the Galilee  Kiryat Shamona Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1679-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16658"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52511-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15899"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2016.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042809-112122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"eaaz7744","article-title":"Coordinating the Overall Stomatal Response of Plants: Rapid Leaf\u2010To\u2010Leaf Communication During Light Stress","volume":"13","author":"Devireddy A. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science Signaling"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf630"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.033589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06263.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13488"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009325844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08077-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050718-100251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35000131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422945112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1098704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2008.01090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(02)02312-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2026.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.125.4.1558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"169931","article-title":"Transcriptome Responses to Single and Combined Stressors Reveal Non\u2010Additive Effects of Stress Interactions","volume":"914","author":"Nguyen H. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00113-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2022.153764"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2023.105425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16970-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.210773"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","first-page":"886","article-title":"Soils Worldwide Suffer From the Combined Effects of Multiple Global Change Factors","volume":"13","author":"Rillig M. 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